Maleic acid Methyl-acetic ester

Films for lithographic evaluation were cast from methyl cellosolve acetate, and prebaked at 120°C in a vacuum oven for one hour. Patterns were developed using mixtures of ethyl cellosolve acetate and methyl cellosolve acetate. Areas exposed at a dose of 80 / 2 (20 keV) were developed with about 10% thinning of the unexposed resist. For development at 100 / 2, a contrast of 2.1 was observed (Figure 2), and the resolution at this dose was limited to about one micron. Superior sensitivity and resolution were obtained using a MA-AMS copolymer formed on the wafer by prebaking a copolymer of the methyl half ester of maleic acid with alphamethylstyrene. This latter resist system is discussed a little later. 

Poly(vinyl alcohol) is utilized as a component of starch-based adhesives.11121114 Other patents report the use of partially oxidized starch,1115 dextrins,1116 dextrins and urea,1117 borax,1118 boric acid,1119 and vinyl methyl ether-maleic acid copolymers.1120 Other patents indicate the use of poly (vinyl alcohol) with partially hydrolyzed poly(vinyl acetate),1121 nonhy-drolyzed poly(vinyl acetate),1122 and poly(vinyl chloride).1123 A few patents have reported such poly acrylic additives as poly (acrylic acid)1124 and its salts,1125 poly(acrylamide),1126 1127 A-methylacrylamide or poly(A-acryl-amide),1128 and polyethyleneimine.1129 Polystyrene has also been used,1130 as well as more complex copolymers such as a maleic acid monobutyl ester-methyl vinyl ether copolymer, together with dextrin and polyacrylamide),1131 carboxylated ethyl acrylate-styrene zinc salt copolymer,1132 ethylene-methyl acrylate-vinyl acetate copolymer,1133 vinyl acetate-vinyl pyr-rolidone copolymer,1134 and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer.1135 Some adhesives are compounded with SBR latex1136 1138 and phenol-formaldehyde resins.1139... 

A mixture of calendic acid methyl ester 1 (3 mmol, 1.50 g) and maleic anhydride (5 mmol, 0.49 g) was heated for 2h at 150 °C under nitrogen. The reaction was followed by thin-layer chromatography [petroleum ether-diethyl ether (7 3), Rf 1=0.60, Rf 3=0.23], Purification of product 3 was achieved by column chromatography [silica gel using petroleum ether/diethyl ether (7 3) and petroleum ether/ethyl acetate (1 1) as eluent]. Fractions containing product 3 were collected and the solvent was removed in vacuo. Compound 3 was recrystallized from petroleum ether/diethyl ether (4 1). 

Several polymers were found to fit all or most of the above criteria and were used to prepare the carrier films. Many polymers have been used for this purpose, viz., ethyl cellulose, poly(y-benzyl glutamate), poly(vinyl acetate), cellulose acetate phthalate, and the copolymer of methyl vinyl ether with maleic anhydride. In addition to the base polymers, plasticizers were often needed to impart a suitable degree of flexibility. Plasticizers, which are found to be compatible with polymeric materials include, acetylated monoglycerides, esters of phthalic acid such as dibutyl tartarate, etc. An excipient was usually incorporated into the matrix of the carrier films. The excipients used were water-soluble materials, which are capable of creating channels in the polymer matrix and facilitate diffusion of the drug. PEGs of different molecular weights were used for this purpose. 

The action of a Zn/Cu couple on 1,3-dibromo ketones and secondary amides yields 2-dialkylamino-1,3-dioxolanes (451 equation 208). Fluorosulfonic peracid anhydride adds to trifluoroacetonitrile to give an amide acetal (452 equation 209). In the addition of (Z)-2-butene-l,4-diol to trichloroacetoni-trile, catalyzed by sodium, the 1,3-dioxepin (453 equation 210) is produced. Bicyclic amide acetals (454 equation 211) are byproducts in the reaction of lactim ethers with diketene. TTie methyl esters of perfluorinated carboxylic acids react with diethanolamine to afford bicyclic amide acetals (455 equation 212). Heating of maleic anilides (456 equation 213) with acetic acid anhydride/sodium acetate gives heterocyclic compounds (457) containing an amide acetal structure. ... 

For the synthesis of (69), the enol ether (71) from the indanone (70) was carboxylated with COa-n-butyl-Iithium in THF at —70 C to yield (72). The methyl ester (73) was converted into (75) via the maleic anhydride adduct (74), essentially as described in earlier work. Lithium aluminium hydride reduction followed by oxidation with dicyclohexylcarbodi-imide afforded the aldehyde (76). This was condensed with excess (77) to yield a mixture of the diastereomers (78). Oxidation with chromium trioxide-pyridine in methylene dichloride gave (79), which could be converted into the diketone (80) by treatment with excess benzenesulphonylazide. The diketo-lactam (81) was prepared from (80) as described for the synthesis of the analogous intermediate used in the synthesis of napelline. Reduction of (81) with lithium tri-t butoxyaluminohydride gave the desired dihydroxy-lactam (82). Methylation of (82) with methyl iodide-sodium hydride gave (83). Reduction of this lactam to the amine (84) with lithium aluminium hydride, followed by oxidation with potassium permanganate in acetic acid, gave (69). 

Neutral or negatively charged polymeric resins are commonly employed to provide styling benefits in products such as mousses, gels, hairsprays, and setting lotions. Typical examples in use today are the copolymer of vinyl acetate and cro-tonic acid, the copolymer of polyvinyl pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate (PVP/VA), the ethyl ester of the copolymer of polyvinyl methyl ether and maleic anhydride (PVM/MA), and the copolymer of octylacrylamide/acrylates/butylaminoethyl methacrylate (Amphomer). 

Neutral and acidic polymers such as polyvinyl pyrrolidone, copolymers of polyvinyl pyrrolidone with vinyl acetate, and copolymers of methyl vinyl ether with half esters of maleic anhydride, are all used in hair styling and hair setting products. 

Free-radical copolymerization of alkyl vinyl ethers has been carried out with the following typical monomers acrylic acid (bulk and emulsion) [39,40], acrylonitrile (emulsion) [26,27], acrylic esters (emulsion) [41], methyl methacrylate (bulk) [42], maleic anhydride (solution) [43], vinyl acetate (bulk and emulsion) [27,44,45], and vinyl chloride (emulsion) [26, 37,46]. The properties of these and other copolymers are described in a technical bulletin by General Aniline Film Corporation [38]. 

The monomer was synthesized into 2 step process and the preparation process is described elsewhere [88]. In brief, the reaction mixture of L-leucine, thionyl chloride (SOCI2), methanol (MeOH) at -10 °C was brought to room temperature after stirring for 15 h. After completion of reaction, methanol and excess thionyl chloride were removed by distillation under reduced pressure and the residue was crystallized from diethyl ether. After filtered and dried under vacuum, (5)-leucine methyl ester hydrochloride was obtained as a white powder which was suspended into ethyl acetate (EtOAc), and triethylamine (EtsN) was dropwise added, stirred over 10 min, and collected by suction filtration. Maleic anhydride dissolved into ethyl acetate was added into the filtrate at room temperature, stirred over 24 h. The mixture was washed by H2O, saturated brine, and dried over Na2S04, and concentrated to obtain (S)-maleamic acid-L-leucine methyl ester ((5)-MLMA) as white powder. 

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