Malaria Society

T. Hodder, P. Crewther, M. Lett, and co-workers, "Apical Membrane Antigen 1 A potential Malaria Vaccine Candidate," 7th Malaria Meeting of British Society ofParasilolgy, London, Sept. 19—21,1995. 

In addition to the Nobel Prize, Muller received an honorary doctorate from the University at Thessalonica in Greece, where DDT helped eliminate malaria, and honorary memberships in the Swiss Nature Research Society and the Paris Society of Industrial Chemistry. The list of awards is surprisingly short for someone whose discovery saved millions of lives. Its... 

In the first half of the 19th century, when the colonial expansion of the European nations was at its height, malaria became a serious problem in the newly colonised territories overseas and the price of natural quinine, whose production was at that time monopolised by the Dutch, became exorbitant. In an attempt to provide a cheap alternative to the natural material, the French Pharmaceutical Society offered, in 1850, a prize of 4.000 francs to any chemist who could prepare synthetic quinine in the laboratory. 

In conclusion, the vast literature and its derivatives, particularly artesunate, artemether, and arteether, point out to the need to make these derivatives in quantities that would reduce their current production cost to make these drugs accessible to the economically underprivileged societies that are often the victims of malaria. A recent promising method in which artemisinic acid, a precursor to artemisinin, has been produced in engineered yeast. Therefore, microbially produced artemisinic acid holds promise to the syntheses of antimalarial drugs at affordable prices <2006N940>. Furthermore, anticancer activities of artemisinin 1 and its derivatives have been reviewed <2005MI995>. 

In 1763 the use of willow tree bark was reported in more specific terms by Reverend Edward Stone in a lecture to the Royal Society in London. He used its extracts to treat the fever resulting from malaria (then common in Britain there are some marshes in the UK where the malarial mosquito still persists). He also found that it helped with the agues , probably what is now called arthritis. Other common medicines of the time included opium to relieve pain and Peruvian cinchona bark for fevers (it contained quinine). 

The vestiges of war creep into worldwide childhood morbidity and mortality. Antipersonnel land mines are the sixth preventable major cause of death in the world s children, with pneumonia, gastroenteritis, malaria, measles, and HIV being the first five causes (Beam, 2003). Injuries sustained by land mines include avulsion of both feet or lower limbs, shrapnel to the pelvis and abdomen, unilateral or bilateral blindness and conductive deafness (Beam, 2003). Long-term health care needs from land mine-sustained injuries are overwhelming to the children, their families and society. 

Carney CK, Pasierb L, Wright DW. Heme detoxification in malaria a target rich environment. In Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry. Sessler JL, Doctrow SR, McMurry TJ, Lippard SJ, eds. 2005. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC. pp. 263-280. 

Shoaf S E. Schwark W S, Guard C L 1989 Pharmacokinetics of sulfadiazine/trimethoprim in neonatal male calves effect of age and penetration into cerebrospinal fluid. American Journal of Veterinary Research 50 396-402 Taylor W M, Simpson C F, Martin F G 1972 Certain aspects of toxicity of an amicarbalide formulation to ponies. American Journal of Veterinary Research 33 533-541 Watkins W M, Mosobo M 1993 Treatment of Plasmodium falciparium malaria with pyrimethamine and sulphadoxine a selective pressure for resistance is a function of long elimination half-life. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 87 75-79... 

Yet pesticides are regarded as essential for modern society — as a necessary economic investment in agriculture and as a vital tool in the control of vector-borne diseases such as malaria and onchocerciasis. This leads to a tense and adversarial situation between proponents and opponents of pesticides. The situation is appropriately characterized as "you can t live with them and you can t live without them". 

The central thesis of this book is as follows The evidence is clear that we have created a society that is healthier and lives longer than any other society in history. Why tinker with success We have identified problems in the past and have corrected them. The past must stay in the past One cannot continuously raise the specter of DDT when talking about today s generation of pesticides. They are not related. If one does use this tactic, then one must live with the consequences of that action. When DDT usage was reduced in some developing countries because of fear of toxicity, actual deaths from malaria dramatically increased. DDT continues to be extensively used around the world with beneficial results. 

The modern history of aspirin began on June 2,1763, when Edward Stone, a clergyman, read a paper to the Royal Society of London entitled, "An Account of the Success of the Bark of the Willow in the Cure of Agues." By ague. Stone was referring to what we now call malaria, but his use of the word cure was optimistic what his extract of willow bark actually did was to dramatically reduce the feverish symptoms of the disease. He was promoting his new malaria cure as a substitute for "Peruvian Bark," an imported and expensive remedy, which we now know contains the drug quinine. Almost a century later, a Scottish physician found that Stone s extract could also relieve the symptoms of acute rheumatism. 

Parasitic diseases have a significant economic impact on society. Although diseases such as malaria are uncommon in developed nations, populations in developing countries still suffer from frequent outbreaks of malaria and other parasite-related diseases. In the East African nation of Burundi, economists estimate that malaria and other parasitic diseases stunt the nation s economic growth by at least 1.5 percent each year because of lost worker productivity. Because of the lack of financial incentive, large... 

In the United States, the National Science Foundation and National Institutes of Health offer grants for parasitological research. In 2006, the National Institutes of Health awarded Yale University researchers 5.4 million to study cutaneous leishmaniasis, a parasitic disease spread by female sand flies. A variety of private organizations also support parasitology research. In 2009, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation announced a series of seventy-six 100,000 grants aimed at combating some of the m or issues in society, at least one of which was slated for research into malaria prevention. 

Sherman, W. Magic Bullets to Conquer Malaria (American Society for Microbiology, Washington DC, 2011). 

ETK 03] Etkin N.L., The co-evolution of people, plants, and parasites biological and cultural adaptations to malaria , Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, vol. 62, pp. 311-317, 2003. 

A. F. Hams, A. Matias-Amez, and N. Hill. Biting time of Anopheles darlingi in the Bolivian Amazon and implications for control of malaria, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 100, 45 7, 2006. 

R. McGready, J. A. Simpson, M. Htway, N. J. White, F. Nosten, and S. W. Lindsay. A double-blind randomized therapeutic trial of insect repellents for the prevention of malaria in pregnancy. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 95, 137—138, 2001. 

M. Rowland, N. Durrani, S. Hewitt, N. Mohammed, M. Bouma, I. Carneiro, J. Rozendaal, and A. Schapira. Permethrin-treated chaddars and top-sheets appropriate technology for protection against malaria in Afghanistan and other complex emergencies. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 93, 465-472, 1999. 

P. Dutta, A. M. Khan, S. A. Khan, J. Borah, C. K. Sharma, and J. Mahanta. Malaria control in a forest fringe area of Assam, India A pilot study. Transactions of Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 105, 6, 327-332, 2011. 

D. A. Moore, A. D. Grant, M. Armstrong, R. Stumpfle, andR. H. Behrens. Risk factors for malaria in UK travellers, Transactions of Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 98,1, 55-63, 2004. 

R. W. Snow, N. Peshu, D. Forster, G. Bomu, E. Mitsanze, E. Ngumbao, R. Chisengwa et al. Environmental and entomological risk factors for the development of clinical malaria among children on the Kenyan coast, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 92,4, 381-385, 1998. 

K. A. Koram, S. Bennett, J. H. Adiamah, and B. M. Greenwood. Socio-economic determinants are not major risk factors for severe malaria in Gambian children. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 89, 2,151-154,1995. 

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