Malaria periodic fever

The disease is caused by parasitic single-cell protozoa—a plasmodium (such as P. vivax or P.,falciparum) carried by female Anopheles mosquitoes (such as A. atroparvus or A.funestus). Malaria is characterized by bone-wracking painful periodic fevers, followed by chills, and, in some people, death. 

The most common symptom of malaria is fever, although chills, headache, myalgia and nausea are frequently seen and other symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain and cough occasionally appear. In all types of malaria, the periodic febrile response (fever) is caused by rupture of mature schizonts (one of the cell forms arising as part of the life cycle). In P. vivax and P. ovale malaria fever occurs every 48 hours, whereas in P. malariae, maturation occurs every 72 hours. In falciparum malaria fever may occur every 48 hours, but is usually irregular, showing no distinct periodicity. Apart... 

The main clinical manifestations of malaria are periodic fever with chills, splenomegaly, anaemia and leukopenia. The liver is occasionally enlarged. P. vivax, P. ovale and P. malariae are usually associated with chronic illness, while falciparum malaria may be fatal if not treated promptly. P. falciparum gives rise to cerebral malaria due to agglutination and adherence of parasitized red blood cells to the capil-... 

Clinical malaria is characterised by periodic fever, which follows the lysis of infected erythrocytes, and caused mainly by the induction of cytokines interleukin-1 and tumour necrosis factor. P. falciparum infection can have serious effects, for example anaemia, cerebral complications (from coma to convulsions), hypoglycaemia and glomerulonephritis. The disease is most serious in the non-immune, including children, pregnant women and tourists. Humans in endemic areas, who have survived an attack of malaria, are semi-immune and disease can be characterised by headache and mild fever. Infection by the other species of Plasmodium is normally self-limiting although relapses may occur, particularly in P. vivax infections. The species of parasite and the age and immune status of the patient are important in considerations of treatment and interpretation of the effects of all medicines. 

Although it is rather difficult to evaluate the positive effects of pesticides for the period of their application, it is even more complicated to evaluate their negative effects on the environment. The beneficial effects are well documented. In the case of the most frequently discussed preparation, DDT (for the discovery of biological application of DDT P. H. Muller was awarded the Nobel Prize for physiology and medicine in 1948), it is estimated today that in the first 10 years of its application, DDT saved lives of millions of people. Furthermore, hundreds of millions of people have been protected from malaria, typhoid fever, dysentery and more than twenty million people from diseases caused by insects and arthropods. 

Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease caused by a parasite. The first symptoms of malaria tend to occur after the incubation period. The incubation period in most cases varies from 7 to 30 days. Symptoms include fever, chills and flulike illness. Malaria is commonly encountered in Sub-Saharan and African regions. 

P vivax malaria is the most prevalent type of infection and is characterized by periodic acute attacks of chills and fever, profuse sweating, enlarged spleen and liver, anemia, abdominal pain, headaches, and lethargy. Hyperactivity of the reticuloendothelial system and hemolysis are the principal causes of the enlarged spleen and liver these effects often result in anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and hyperbilirubinemia. The cyclical nature of the acute attacks (48 hours for... 

MALARIA is a disease mostly in tropical areas, where it is a major medical problem. Malaria is caused by a parasitic protozoa of the genus Plasmodium and is transferred when an infected female mosquito of the genus Anopheles bites a person and Plasmodium sporozoites enter the blood, where they first reach the liver and develop into merozoites over a period of 5-7 days without giving any symptoms. Then the immature merozoites penetrate the red blood corpuscles, where they divide asexually to form merozoites. When this process is complete, the blood corpuscles rupture and the merozoites enter the blood plasma. The rupture of the erythrocyte membrane provokes a fever, which occurs every second day after infection with Plasmodium vivax, every third after infection with Plasmodium malaria after infection with the severe Plasmodium falciparum fever is more irregular, because the parasites of this species do not develop simultaneously. 

Observational studies During a surveillance period of 2 years, 1552 patients with uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria who had received sulfadoxine 4- pyrimethamine with artesunate on the Northern coast of Peru were followed up 8.8% reported at least one adverse effect, the most common being vomiting, nausea, headache, abdominal pain, dizziness, and fever there were no severe adverse effects [13 ]. 

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