Magnesium soap formation

A combination of pancreatin with antacids such as bicarbonate seems not to result in improved effects [93-95], This may be attributable to reflex summation of acid secretion, binding of bile acid by calcium, or formation of calcium and magnesium soaps with the liberated fatty acids. Furthermore, high doses of bicarbonate are considered unpalatable, especially by children. 

Studies in humans have indicated that increasing the level of dietary protein enhances magnesium absorption [40,41]. Excessive dietary fat has been shown to impair magnesium absorption due to the formation of insoluble magnesium soaps [42,43]. Readily available carbohydrates such as lactose may enhance magnesium intestinal absorption [44,45], while excess dietary fiber may decrease magnesium absorption in humans [46]. The ionophores monensin and lasalocid have both been shown to enhance magnesium absorption in steers [47). 

Branched-chain acids have a wide variety of industrial uses as paint driers (7), vinyl stabilizers (8), and cosmetic products (9). Cobalt and manganese salts of 2-ethyIhexanoic acid and neodecanoic acid are used as driers for paint, varnishes, and enamels litbium, magnesium, calcium, and aluminum salts of 2-ethyIhexanoic acid are used in the formation of greases and lubricants (see Driers and metallic soaps). Derivatives of isostearic acid have been used as pour point depressants in two-cycle engine oils, as textile lubricants, and in cosmetic formulations. Further industrial appHcations can be found (10). 

In addition to the formation of scale or corrosion of metal within boilers, auxiliary equipment is also susceptible to similar damage. Attempts to prevent scale formation within a boiler can lead to makeup line deposits if the treatment chemicals are improperly ehosen. Thus, the addition of normal phosphates to an unsoftened feed water ean eause a dangerous eondition by elogging the makeup line with preeipitated calcium phosphate. Deposits in the form of calcium or magnesium stearate deposits, otherwise known as "bathtub ring" can be readily seen, and are caused by the eombination of ealcium or magnesium with negative ions of soap stearates. 

Hardness of water This is caused by the presence of calcium (or magnesium) ions in water, which form a scum with soap and prevent the formation of a lather. There are two types of hardness ... 

CNC Deionizer N is a chemical compound which inactivates iron, calcium and magnesium ions in textile processing solutions. It increases the stability of soap baths and prevents the formation of metallic soaps. It prevents the reaction of metals with dyestuffs and therefore eliminates dulling of shades due to metallic ions present in dye solutions. A small quantity of CNC Deionizer N is merely disssolved into the bath before detergent or dyestuff is added. CNC Deionizer N is effective over a wide temperature and pH range and may be used in any textile process where trace metals are a possible source of trouble. Listed are a few of the many uses for CNC Deionizer N ... 

To 5 ml of the soap solution in separate tubes add 5 drops each of calcium chloride, magnesium chloride and ferric chloride solutions. Note the formation of metallic soaps. Repeat, using instead of soap one per cent solution of the salt of a sulfated fatty alcohol (Dreft or similar product). 

The presence of salts of calcium or magnesium in solution can be most undesirable in many finishing processes. These salts are responsible for hardness of water and they lead to the formation of insoluble precipitates with soaps which may be deposited on the goods, causing discoloration. Calcium and magnesium compounds are commonly present as sulphates and chlorides. Bicarbonates produce what is known as temporary hardness sulphates and chlorides are the cause of permanent hardness. 

The most important characteristic of hard water is its reaction with soap. If distilled or soft water be shaken with a solution of soap a lather or foam is formed immediately. If, however, a dilute solution of soap be added drop by drop to some hard water in a bottle which is stoppered and shaken after each addition, it will be found that no lather is formed at first. The water, at the same time, assumes a turbidity owing to the formation of an insoluble precipitate. Finally, after sufficient soap has been added, a lather will appear. Soaps are sodium salts of fatty acids of high molecular weight, such as sodium oleate CuHggCOONa. The salts of sodium are soluble in water, but those of calcium and magnesium are not and, in hard water, the ions of these elements displace the sodium, giving precipitates of their insoluble fatty acid salts ... 

The formation of soap scum in hard water led to a search for synthetic materials that would have the cleansing properties of soap, but would not form scum when they encountered calcium and magnesium ions. The synthetic soaps that were developed, known as detergents, are salts of benzene sulfonic acids. Calcium and magnesium sulfonate salts do not form aggregates. Detergent comes from the Latin detergere,... 

Permutit A compound that can soften water. It does this by exchanging its sodium ions for the calcium and magnesium ions in hard water. It consists of sodium aluminum silicate. It is a zeolite. The sodium ions do not form insoluble salts with soap and therefore do not prevent the formation of a lather. The Permutit can be returned to its original state by soaking in brine. 

Hard water requires more soap because of the formation of insoluble salts of calcium and magnesium with soap. Furthermore, hard water leaves deposits in pipes and appliances. Some municipal water supplies have reported 2,000 ppm and some are known to be as high as 4,400 ppm. 

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