Macroinvertebrates

Boulton AJ (2003) Parallels and contrasts in the effects of drought on stream macroinvertebrate assemblages. Ereshw Biol 48 1173-1185... 

Armitage PD, Bowes MJ, Vincet HM (2007) Long-term changes in macroinvertebrate communities of a heavily metal polluted stream the river Went (Cumbria, U.K.) after 28 years. River Res Appl 23 997... 

Because of the high toxicity of pyrethroids to aquatic invertebrates, these organisms are likely to be adversely affected by contamination of surface waters. Such contamination might be expected to have effects at the population level and above, at least in the short term. In one study of a farm pond, cypermethrin was applied aerially, adjacent to the water body (Kedwards et al. 1999a). Changes were observed in the composition of the macroinvertebrate community of the pond that were related to levels of the pyrethroid in the hydrosoil. Diptera were most affected, showing a decline in abundance with increasing cypermethrin concentration. Chironimid larvae first declined and later recovered. 

Considering evidence from both field and mesocosm studies, it may be concluded that certain groups of aquatic macroinvertebrates are sensitive to pyrethroids and that there can be changes, in the short term, at the population level and above with exposure to environmentally realistic concentrations of them. It should be possible to pick up effects of this kind in natural waters using ecological profiling, for example, the River Invertebrate Prediction and Classification System (RIVPACS). There is... 

Wright, J.E. (1995). Development and use of a system for predicting the macroinvertebrate fauna found in flowing water. Australian Journal of Ecology 20, 181-197. 

ParkmanH, MeiliM. 1993. Mercury in macroinvertebrates from Swedish forest lakes influence of lake type, habitat, life cycle and food quality. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 50 521-534. 

Resh VH, McElvary EP. 1993. Contemporary quantitative approaches to biomorritoring using benthic macroinvertebrates. In Rosenberg DM, Resh VH, editors. Freshwater biomorritoring and benthic macroinvertebrates. New York (NY) Chapman Hall, p. 159-194. 

Munoz I, Prat N (1994) Macroinvertebrates in the lower Ebro River (NE Spain). Hydrobio-... 

Lessard JL, Hayes DB (2003) Effects of elevated water temperature on fish and macroinvertebrate communities below small dams. River Res Appl 19 721-732. doi 10.1002/rra.713... 

The macroinvertebrate community showed a high diversity at the headwaters of the main channel and tributaries of the Ebro River. This relevance is related with higher water quality [39] and suitable habitat characteristics in these sites. Biodiversity and density of macroinvertebrates decrease in the regulated areas of the river [40]. Nevertheless, the biological quality based on macroinvertebrates has improved during the last decade in the mid and low reaches of the tributaries, except for the Jalon river [41]. 

Structure and function need to be jointly considered in the assessment of effects of stressors on river systems. It has been shown that the two sets of parameters offer complementary information since they cover different time scales and responses. This being shown in the case of biofilms is not a unique characteristic of them, but it might be applied to all other biological communities (e.g. macroinvertebrates, fish). These differ from the biofilm in its higher size and life span, and therefore in their integrative capacity to reflect effects in one part of the ecosystem. Higher traffic levels in addition to biofilms should be considered to study the whole ecosystem. In all of these biological compartments, the combined use of descriptors may amplify our ability to predict the effect of stressors on river basins. 

Duval, R.L., C.R. Ferris, R.B. Owen, Jr., K.E. Gibbs, L.K. Fink, Jr., and F.E. Woodward. 1980. Effects of a cattle skin tannery on stream quality and benthic macroinvertebrates in central Maine. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 25 269-276. 

Macroinvertebrate communities 11.3 pg/L for 10 days Abundance was reduced by 75% in laboratory studies vs. 44% in field experimental streams number of taxa was reduced 56% in the laboratory vs. 10% in field streams 76... 

Clements, W.H., D.S. Cherry, and J. Cairns, Jr. 1990. Macroinvertebrate community responses to copper in laboratory and field experimental streams. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 19 361-365. 

Munkittrick, K.R., PA. Miller, D.R. Barton, and D.G. Dixon. 1991. Altered performance of white sucker populations in the Manitouwadge chain of lakes is associated with changes in benthic macroinvertebrate communities as a result of copper and zinc contamination. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 21 318-326. 

Anderson, R.V. 1977. Concentrations of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc in thirty-five genera of freshwater macroinvertebrates from the Fox River, Illinois and Wisconsin. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 18 345-349. 

Beaver ponds downstream from an abandoned copper-nickel ore roast yard near Sudbury, Ontario, were devoid of fish and had reduced macroinvertebrate taxon richness and diversity when compared to upstream ponds. Nickel water concentrations, in pg Ni/L, were 57 in upstream ponds,... 

Rutherford, J.E. and R.J. Mellow. 1994. The effects of an abandoned roast yard on the fish and macroinvertebrate communities of surrounding beaver ponds. Hydrobiologia 294 219-228. 

Krantzberg, G. and P.M. Stokes. 1985. Benthic macroinvertebrates modify copper and zinc partitioning in freshwater-sediment microcosms. Canad. Jour. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 42 1465-1473. 

Willis, M. 1985b. Analysis of the effects of zinc pollution on the macroinvertebrate populations of the Afon Crafnant, North Wales. Environ. Geochem. Health 7 98-109. 

There have been many accidental spills of chlorpyrifos, but little quantitative assessment of its environmental effects. One exception is a spill in April 1985 in England (Boreham and Birch 1987). In that instance, a truck overturned, spilling 205 L chlorpyrifos into an adjacent stream that drained into the Roding River. A resulting sharp decrease in the number and type of macroinvertebrate benthic organisms in affected parts of the river, compared to unaffected areas, lasted 6 months. In addition, certain chlorpyrifos-resistant benthic organisms were unusually abundant. 

Freshwater macroinvertebrates were comparatively sensitive to diazinon (Table 16.7). Results of large-scale experimental stream studies (Arthur et al. 1983) showed that dose levels of 0.3 pg diazinon/L caused a five- to eightfold reduction in emergence of mayflies and caddisflies within 3 weeks. After 12 weeks, mayflies, damselflies, caddisflies, and amphipods were absent from benthic samples. Elevated (and catastrophic) drift of stream invertebrates was also documented in diazinon-treated streams, especially for amphipods, leeches, and snails (Arthur et al. 1983). Shortterm tests of 5-h duration with rotifers (Brachionus calyciflorus) show a 50% reduction in feeding... 

Arthur, J.W., J.A. Zischke, K.N. Allen, and R.O. Hermanutz. 1983. Effects of diazinon on macroinvertebrates and insect emergence in outdoor experimental channels. Aquat. Toxicol. 4 283-301. 

Maund SJ, Williams P, Whitfield M et al (2009) The influence of simulated immigration and chemical persistence on recovery of macroinvertebrates from cypermethrin and 3,4-dichloroaniline exposure in aquatic microcosms. Pest Manag Sci 65 678-687... 

Caquet T, Hanson ML, Roucaute M et al (2007) Influence of isolation on the recovery of pond mesocosms from the application of an insecticide. II. Benthic macroinvertebrate responses. Environ Toxicol Chem 26 1280-1290... 

Liess M (1994) Pesticide impact on macroinvertebrate communities of running waters in agricultural systems. Verh Int Ver Limnol 25 2060-2062... 

Significant concentrations of cyanotoxins have been found to accumulate in the tissues of macroinvertebrates such as mollusks and crustaceans, presenting an indirect route of exposure for invertebrates, fish, and aquatic mammals at higher trophic levels (Negri and Jones 1995). In natural systems, mortality among benthic invertebrate herbivores is probably low because most bloom-forming bacteria are planktonic and only periodically come into contact with the benthos. Nevertheless, Kotak et al. (1996) determined that enhanced mortality of snails at the end of a bloom cycle in Canadian lakes was due to consumption of Microcystis cells that had formed a scum on the surface of macrophytes. Oberemm et al. (1999) found that aqueous microcystins, saxitoxins, and anatoxin-a all resulted in developmental delays in fish and salamander embryos. Interestingly, more severe malformations and enhanced mortality were observed when larvae were exposed to crude cyanobacterial extracts than to pure toxins applied at natural concentrations (Oberemm et al. 1999). 

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