Macroinvertebrates lakes

ParkmanH, MeiliM. 1993. Mercury in macroinvertebrates from Swedish forest lakes influence of lake type, habitat, life cycle and food quality. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 50 521-534. 

Munkittrick, K.R., PA. Miller, D.R. Barton, and D.G. Dixon. 1991. Altered performance of white sucker populations in the Manitouwadge chain of lakes is associated with changes in benthic macroinvertebrate communities as a result of copper and zinc contamination. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 21 318-326. 

Significant concentrations of cyanotoxins have been found to accumulate in the tissues of macroinvertebrates such as mollusks and crustaceans, presenting an indirect route of exposure for invertebrates, fish, and aquatic mammals at higher trophic levels (Negri and Jones 1995). In natural systems, mortality among benthic invertebrate herbivores is probably low because most bloom-forming bacteria are planktonic and only periodically come into contact with the benthos. Nevertheless, Kotak et al. (1996) determined that enhanced mortality of snails at the end of a bloom cycle in Canadian lakes was due to consumption of Microcystis cells that had formed a scum on the surface of macrophytes. Oberemm et al. (1999) found that aqueous microcystins, saxitoxins, and anatoxin-a all resulted in developmental delays in fish and salamander embryos. Interestingly, more severe malformations and enhanced mortality were observed when larvae were exposed to crude cyanobacterial extracts than to pure toxins applied at natural concentrations (Oberemm et al. 1999). 

Acidification Effects on the Population of Macroinvertebrates of Five High-Altitude Alpine Lakes... 

Day, C. Dutka, B.J. Kwan, K.K. Batista, N. Reynoldson, T.B. Metcalfe-Smith, J.L. Correlations between sohd-phase microbial screening assays, whole-sediment toxicity tests with macroinvertebrates and in situ benthic community structure. J. Great Lakes Res. 1995, 21, 192-206. 

The most obvious impact of sediment-associated pollutants on aquatic biota is direct acute toxicity and there is considerable literature on both laboratory and field effects of toxic substances on marine and freshwater invertebrates (Baker, 1980 Reynoldson, 1987). For example, Warwick (1980) and Wiederholm (1984) observed deformities in chironomid larvae mouthparts at polluted sites of lakes in Canada and Sweden Milbrink (1983) has shown setal deformities in oligochaetes exposed to high sediment mercury levels. Indirect effects resulting from sediment contamination oftenly include changes in benthic invertebrate community structure. For example, Lock et al. (1981) evidenced increased growth of bacterial flora and algal cells on oiled substrates and a consequent stimulation of macroinvertebrates. Chapman et al. (1982) have shown effects of life history alterations (e.g., impairment of reproduction and age selective toxicity) which have been linked to sediment contaminants. ... 

Brauns, M., Garcia, X.-F., Pusch, M.T. and Walz, N. (2007) Eulittoral macroinvertebrate communities of lowland lakes discrimination among trophic states, Freshwater Biology. 52, pp. 1022-1032. 

Solimini, A.G., Free, G., Donohue, I., Irvine, K., Pusch, M., Rossaro, B. et al. (2006b) Using benthic macroinvertebrates to assess ecological status of lakes current knowledge and way forward to support WFD implementation, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, EUR report 22347 EN. 

Weatherhead, M.A. and James, M.R. (2001) Distribution of macroinvertebrates in relation to physical and biological variables in the littoral zone of nine New Zealand lakes, Hydrobiologia, 462, pp. 115-129. 

Figure 7.4.9 Conceptual diagram illustrating a comparison of expected and observed responses of macroinvertebrates (expressed as taxon richness) in acidified and reference lakes in southern Sweden to a reduction in sulphur deposition. (Reproduced by permission of Wiley-Blackwell)...

Fish samples were chosen from different ages and weights to be analyzed along with samples of the aquatic plant, macroinvertebrate and lake water. 

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