River Invertebrate Prediction and

Considering evidence from both field and mesocosm studies, it may be concluded that certain groups of aquatic macroinvertebrates are sensitive to pyrethroids and that there can be changes, in the short term, at the population level and above with exposure to environmentally realistic concentrations of them. It should be possible to pick up effects of this kind in natural waters using ecological profiling, for example, the River Invertebrate Prediction and Classification System (RIVPACS). There is... 

RIVPACS River Invertebrate Prediction and Classification System. 

The SOILPACS study (Weeks et al. 1998). This study investigated the feasibility of the community census approach for soils. The study concluded that a system could be constructed but substantial development was needed. In particular, full faunistic, physical, geological and chemical surveys of many (diverse) reference sites would be needed to develop a system with predictive capability. For development of the UK river invertebrate prediction and classification scheme, over 400 sites were sampled in this manner. The fact that this number would need to be matched for SOILPACS presents a substantial hurdle to development. 

There are consistent attempts in the literature to interpret specific biotransformation of PCBs that occurred in an organism from the relative ratio of X-CB to that of a reference CB-Y. The later could be CB-153, CB-138 (2,2, 3,4,4, 5-hexa CB), and CB-180 (2,2, 3,4,4, 5,5 -hepta CB) [52]. Such structure-dependent metabolism studies predicted induction of Cytochrome P450 isozymes in the marine food chain [59], small cetaceans [52], beluga and narwhal [60], river dolphins [61], pinnipeds [52], aquatic fauna including invertebrates [62], and in humans [63]. Comprehensive characterization of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in whales and pinnipeds has been carried out to show the utility of this approach [51,64]. 

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