Macro-algae

Dimethyl sulfide is derived primarily from the enzymatic hydrolysis of dimethylsulfoniopropionate(CH3)2S+CH2CH2COO DMSP),an osmoregulatory compound produced by a wide variety of marine phytoplankton [313,317]. Intracellular DMSP hydrolysis has been shown in phytoplankton [318], in macro algae [319], and also in bacteria following uptake of DMSP from seawater [320]. Reported seawater concentrations of dissolved dimethyl sulfide (< 0.1-90 nM) and DMSP (1 -1000 nM) vary with increasing depth, spatially from coastal areas to the open ocean, and also temporally from winter to summer [313-316]. 

Hodge et al. [92] have described an atomic absorption spectroscopic method for the determination of butyltin chlorides and inorganic tin in natural waters, coastal sediments, and macro algae in amounts down to 0.4 ng. 

Surfactants have been reported to accumulate in macro algae. This may lead to higher APEO concentrations in the top layer of the... 

Ionic cross-linking can be achieved in a number of systems and different microstructures result. For rigid chains it is possible for the ion to coordinate in a specific manner with the chain. Alginates are a good example of this. These are natural polymers derived from a brown macro-algae. The method of extraction and the species of the algae influences the chemistry and hence the rheology of these polymers. There... 

Much work has been done on the removal of Pb and Zn from aqueous solution. Removal of these ions has been attempted by several researches employing a wide variety of techniques. Adsorption of removal of Pb and Zn from solution agricultural waste [5], three fern [6], tannin gel [7], removal of Pb sea module [8], tannin gel adsorbent synthesized from condensed tatmin [8] and removal of Zn green macro alga [9], soil [3] have been extensively studied for this purpose. 

Ohshiro T, Nakano S, Takahashi Y, Suzuki M, Izumi Y (1999) Occurrence of Bromoperoxidase in the Marine Green Macro-Alga, Ulvella lens, and Emission of Volatile Brominated Methane by the Enzyme. Phytochemistry 52 1211... 

Shimonishi M, Kuwamoto S, Inoue H, Wever R, Ohshiro T, Izumi Y, Tanabe T (1998) Cloning and Expression of the Gene for a Vanadium-Dependent Bromoperoxidase from a Marine Macro-alga, Corallina pilulifera. FEBS Lett 428 105... 

Ohshiro T, Hemrika W, Aibara T, Wever R, Izumi Y (2002) Expression of the Vanadium-Dependent Bromoperoxidase Gene from a Marine Macro-alga Corallina pilulifera in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Characterization of the Recombinant Enzyme. Phytochemistry 60 595... 

Hodge VF, Seidel SL, Goldberg ED. 1979. Determination of tin(IV) and organotin compounds in natural waters, coastal sediments and macro algae by atomic absorption spectrometry. Anal Chem 51 1256-1259. 

DM was first isolated as the chloride salt from a red marine alga Polysiphonia fastigiata (= P. lanosa) by Challenger and Simpson ( ). Subsequent studies showed that it was also present in the green marine algae Enteromorpha intestinalis (8.161 and Viva lactuca as well as numerous other macro algae (8.17.181. but concentrations were not reported. 

Van Alstyne, K.L. and Paul, V.J., The biogeography of polyphenolic compounds in marine macro algae temperate brown algal defenses deter feeding by tropical herbivorous fishes, Oecologia, 84, 158, 1990. 

Walters, L.J., Hadfield, M.G., and Smith, C.M., Waterbourne chemical compounds in tropical macro algae. Positive and negative cues for larval settlement, Mar. Biol., 126, 383, 1996. 

TABLE 26.3. Fatty add composition (% total fatty acid content) of different macro algae. 

Species of Macro-algae (as numbeed in the list below)... 

Penhale, P. A., and Capone, D. G. (1981). Primary productivity and nitrogen fixation in two macro-algae-cyanobaceria associations. Bull. Mar. Sci. 31, 164—169. 

Markham, J. W., and Hagmeier, E. (1982). Observations on the effects of germanium dioxide on the growth of macro-algae and diatoms. Phycologia. 21, 125-130. 

Vanadium is also an essential element for some marine macro-algae, such as the brown seaweed F. spiralus and the green seaweed Entero-morpha compressa. The growth yield of these marine algae is enhanced considerably (26) when vanadate is added to the culture medium, which consists of artificial seawater. Some seaweeds contain vanadium. A study of 70 seaweeds from Japanese coastal waters yielded vanadium contents ranging from 0.3 to 10.6 ppm on the basis of dry weight (27). 

Typical results obtained in a study of arsenic in several species of macro algae, tissues of Mercenaria mercenaria and estuarine sediments collected from the southern coast of England were inorganic arsenic (0.1-3.2 mgkg monomethylarsenic(0.2-0.6mgkg -), dimethy larsenic (7.6-15.6mgkg ) and total arsenic (20-49mgkg ). 

Element Isotopes Phyto- plankton Macro- algae Zoo- plankton Molluscs (ex Cepha-lopods) Cephalo- pods Crusta- ceans Fish... 

Marine plants cover a wide spectrum of plant families and algae. Intertidal algae, macro-algae, and sea grasses are of particular interest during oil spills. 

Aresta and Dibenedetto (52) studied the use of selected Mediterranean macro-algae as a source of biotuel. The extraction of oil was carried out using different technologies under mild energetic conditions. It was shown that SC-C02 as well as solvent extraction could be used to efficiently extract the oil for fuel. 

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