M Lasers

Lubman, D.M., Lasers and Mass Spectrometry, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1990. 

Barker, L.M., Laser Interferometry in Shock-Wave Research, Exp. Mech. 12, 209-215 (1972). 

GP 2] [R 2] A comparative study with laser-LIGA OAOR silver, etched OAOR silver and sawn Aluchrom catalyst was reported (Table 3.2) [4]. The selectivity was 44-69% (laser-LIGA OAOR silver), 38-69% (etched OAOR silver) and 42-58% (sawn Aluchrom catalyst) for details of the experimental protocols, see [4]. The conversions were 2-15% (laser-LIGA OAOR silver) 5-20% (etched OAOR silver), and 2-6% (sawn Aluchrom catalyst). The space-hme yields were 0.01-0.07 t h m (laser-LIGA OAOR silver), 0.03-0.13 t h m (etched OAOR silver), and 0.01-0.061 h m (sawn Aluchrom catalyst). 

D., Hocker, H., Legewie, F., Poprawe, R., Wehner, M., Wild, M., Laser processing for manufacturing microfluidic devices, in Eheeeld, W. (Ed.), Microreaction Technology 3rd International Conference on Microreaction Technology, Proc. of IMRET 3, pp. 80-89, Springer-Verlag, Berlin (2000). 

Platz, M.S. Maloney, V.M. Laser Flash Photolysis Studies of Triplet Carbenes. In Kinetics and Spectroscopy of Carbenes and Biradicals, M.S. Platz, Ed. Plenum New York, 1990 ... 

Laser ablation of compounds of almost all elements in the periodic table will produce the bare ion M+. Laser ablation and other methods of producing bare metal ions have been discussed in Section II.C.5. The bare metal ion has a coordination number of 0 and for most elements these ions will aggressively seek molecules able to share or donate electrons. Thus most bare transition metal ions will increase their coordination number by reacting with any donor, this even includes the inert gas atoms such as Xe (96). 

Yen, W. M. and Selzer, P. M. Laser Spectroscopy of Solids, 2nd edn. Topics in Apphed Physics, vol. 49, Springer-Verlag, Berlin (1986). 

Laser dye/Si02 gel CT AB/decanol/decane/ formamide (nonaqueous xE) TE0S/H20 (pH 1, HNO 3 10-2 M laser dye) Silica gels doped with laser dyes (rhodamine B, rhodamine 6G) gave fluorescence quantum yields indicating promise as candidate solid-state laser dye materials (49)... 

Fend F, Raffeld M. Laser capture microdissection in pathology. J Clin Pathol 2000 53 666-672. Alevizos I, Mahadevappa M, Zhang X et al. Oral cancer in vivo gene expression profiling assisted by laser capture microdissection and microarray analysis. Oncogene 2001 20 6196-6204. 

Pinzani P, Orlando C, Pazzagli M. Laser-assisted mierodisseetion for real-time PCR sample preparation. Mol Aspects Med 2006 27 140-159. 

Helium-neon lasers -use m laser printers [ELECTROPHOTOGRAPITY] (Vol 9)... 

Hadel, L.M. "Laser Flash Photolysis", Handbook of Organic Photochemistry. Scaiano, J. C. ed. 1989 CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida. 

Muller, C. K. Schofield, K. Steinberg, M. "Laser Induced Reactions of Lithium in Flames", 1978, Proceedings of the NBS 10th Materials Research Symposium, Gaithersburg, Md. 

The results displayed in Figures 13.2, 13.3, and 13.4 show that the most efficient result occurred when a relatively narrow-band laser pulse of moderate intensity was i applied at center frequency near the peak of the absorption spectrum of the dye -molecule. The most effective result occurred when a positively chirped broadband M laser pulse was applied. The positive chirp (i.e., an upward drift of the laser s central j frequency with time) is helpful because stimulated emission back to tire ground stale, which diminishes the number of excited state molecules, invariably occurs to the red of the absorbed photon. By rapidly shifting the laser center frequency more unci more to the blue, one can successively eliminate the frequencies causing stimulated emission from the excited state shortly after it is formed by photon absorption. - f ... 

The installation comprises laser emitter, laser power-supply unit, water-air cooling system and guiding computer. Total weight of the installation is 40 kg consumed power is 3 kW from power network 220 V. The installation capacity reaches to 2 m per hour the distance from emitter to surface to be decontaminated can attain 1.5 m. Laser emitter is installed at a remotely operated rotator. 

Nd3+ ions are by far the most widely investigated ions in all types of materials, essentially because of the ideal, 4-level, 1.06 m laser transition from 4F3/2 to 4In/2 shown in Fig. 5. Thus, the spectroscopic properties of Nd3+ ions are reported for a large number of different compositions of fluorozirconate, fluoroindate, fluorohafnate, fluoroaluminate and other kinds of fluoride glasses [31,36,63-69]. 

Lasing has been demonstrated at 1.06 /tm in Nd3+-doped ZBLAN and BIG fluoride glass rods pumped by an alexandrite laser and xenon flashlamps, respectively [71,72], Fig. 6 shows the 1.06 //m laser output energy out of Nd3+-doped and Cr3+ Nd3+-codoped fluoroindate glass rods of 40 mm length. In presence of Cr3+ ions, which are efficient absorbers of excitation light from flashlamps,... 

The application of LA-ICP-ToF-MS and LA-ICP-QMS for depth profiling of various titanium based coatings on steel and tungsten carbide and Ti based single layers is discussed in references respectively. Thickness determination was performed by LA-ICP-QMS with 5% RSD, a laser ablation rate of < 100 nm per laser shot (Nd-YAG laser at wavelength 266 nm using a laser energy of 1.5 ml at 120 p,m laser spot size), and a depth resolution of 2.5 p-m was observed. ... 

With LA-ICP-ToF-MS, using the 193 run ArF laser (laser energy lOOmJ at 120(j,m laser beam diameter), a depth resolution of 200 nm per laser shot was measured. LA-ICP-MS was utilized for depth profiling of copper coatings on steel with certified copper coating thicknesses from about 6 to 200(xm. 23... 

Shirk, J. S., and Bass, A. M., Laser-excited fluorescence of matrix-isolated molecules. Anal. Chem. 41, 103A (1969). 

Figure 2. Dilute-N "M" laser structure RT Gain Figure 3. Maximum gain Gmax vs carrier spectra (TE mode) for different carrier injection concentration N2D (cm ) calculated at 300 K densities N2D (xlO cm ). forthe W" and "M" laser structures.

To evaluate the total current density Jtotai for laser structures, we used the relation J,otai = q Lz (A N3D+B N3d +C Nsd ), where q is the electron charge, Lz is the total thickness of the recombination region equal to Np x Lg, A is the non-radiative recombination coefficient, B is the spontaneous radiative recombination coefficient, and C is the non-radiative Auger coefficient. Typically A=10 s, while coefficients B and C can be deduced from RT calculations of the radiative and Auger recombination rate, respectively [5]. Fig. 5 reports the modal gain G od as a function of Jtot at RT. For a total loss coefficient a = 50 cm", the "W" dilute-N laser structure can operate with a threshold current density Jth equal to 750 A/cm while the predicted RT J,h value for the "M" laser structure is around 1000 A/cm. ... 

Figure 4. Calculated TE polarized modal gain Figure 5. Calculated TE polarized modal gain Gmod versus carrier concentration Nso (cm ) for Gmod versus total current density J,ot for the the dilute-N " W" and "M" laser structures at RT. dilute-N "W" and "M" laser structures at RT.

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