Lymphokines tumor necrosis factor

Cytokines produced by lymphocytes are called lymphokines, and those produced by monocytes are termed monokines. Lymphocytes and monocytes are different types of white blood cells. The major lymphokines are interferons (IFNs) and some interleukins (ILs). Monokines include other interleukins and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). 

Beutler, B. and Cerami, A. (1991). Cachectin (tumor necrosis factor) and lymphotoxin as primary mediators of tissue catabolism, inflammation, and shock. In Lymphokines and the Immune Response. S.Cohen, ed. (Boca Raton, EL CRC Press), pp. 199 212. 

Organotellurium compoxmds have been investigated as chemopreventive agents. In 1987, the compound 157, coded ASlOl, was demonstrated for the first time to present immunomodulating properties and, when administered to mice, to mediate antitumor effects. This compound has also been described to stimulate human lymphoid cells to proliferate and produce lymphokines. In fact, ASlOl stimulates the production of IL-1, IL-2, colony-stimulating factor, tumor necrosis factor, and other cytokines in vitro. 

Interleukin 1 (IL-1) Endogenous pyrogen Monocytes/macs Th cells stimulates production of lymphokines, especially IL-2 and expression of IL-2R B cells proliferation and differentiation Macs stimulates production of cytokines, IL-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) Brain fever response... 

Some soluble products are secreted by cells of the immune system other than lymphocytes. For example, monocytes/macrophages are also capable of secreting cytokines, which are sometimes referred to as monokines and which include some interleukins, such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-12, and other factors such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Some soluble products with important roles in the immune system originate outside of the immune system. One example is interferon (IFN), which is actually a heterogeneous family of proteins of two types. Type I or viral IFNs are induced by infection and consists of IFN-a (interferon-a) and -IFN-)S, which are secreted by leukocytes, and fibroblasts or epithelial cells, respectively. Type II or immune IFN, consists of IFN-y, which is secreted by T cells (therefore, IFN-y can be classified as a lymphokine) in response to specific antigens. A second example of a soluble product which originates outside of the immune system is complement, which is primarily produced in the liver. Complement is actually a group of 20... 

Tumor necrosis factors (TNF) are lymphokines that exist in either an a or P form they are capable of causing in vivo hemorrhagic necrosis of certain tumor cells, but not affecting normal cells. They also have been used as experimental anticancer agents but can also induce shock when bacterial endotoxins cause their release. TNFa contains 157 amino acids and is produced by macrophages, eosinophils, and NK cells. TNpp is a lymphotoxin and contains 171 amino acids. ... 

Abbreviations Con A, concanavalin A CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocytes IL, interleukin iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase KLH, keyhole-limpet hemocyanin LAK, lymphokine-activated killer cell NHEK, normal human epidermal keratinocyte NK, natural killer cell PFC, plaque-forming cell SRBC, sheep red blood cell TNF, tumor necrosis factor. 

P21. Pullicino, E. A., Carli, F., Poole, S., Rafferty, B., Malik, S. T., and Elia, M. The relationship between the circulating concentrations of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and the acute phase response to elective surgery and accidental injury. Lymphokine Res. 9,231-238 (1990). 

Brahn E, Peacock D J, Banquerigo M L, et al. (1992). Effects of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) on collagen arthritis. Lymphokine Cytokine Res. 11 253-256. 

Tumor hypoxia can dramatically impede the effectiveness of certain (passive) immunotherapies using cytokines (interferon-y and tumor necrosis factor-a). Hypoxia also reduces survival and proliferation of T-lymphocytes and the production of cytokines by these cells (Kim et al. 2008 Lukashev et al. 2007). Pharmacological studies have firmly established that high levels of adenosine, a pathophysiological feature of solid tumors (see Chap. 4, Sect. 4.11.12), have immunosuppressive effects (SiTKovsKY and Lukashev 2005 Ohta et al. 2006). In addition, hypoxia can alter IL-2-induced activation of lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells (reviewed by Chaplin et al. 2000 Kim et al. 2008 SiTKOVSKY and Lukashev 2005). The potency of treatment started to decrease at oxygen partial pressures of less than approximately 35 mmHg ( 5% O2). 

Warren S, Torti SV, Torti FM. The role ofiron in the cytotoxicity of tumor necrosis factor. Lymphokine Cytokine Res 1993 12 75-80. 

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