Lubricants world consumption

The first large scale usage of PCAs began in 1932 when they were incorporated as extreme pressure additives in lubricants [5, 6]. Hardie [20] reported world consumption estimates of 38-50 kt/year in 1961, while in 1977, estimates were reported to be about 230 kt/year [12]. Global consumption estimates for 1993... 

Talc, unlike Che micas, consists of electrically neutral layers without the interleaving cations. It is valued for its softness, smoothrtess and dry lubricating properties, and for its whitertess, chermcal inertness and foliated structure. Its most important abdications are in ceramics, insecticides, paints and paper manufacture. The more familiar use in cosmetics and toilet preparations accounts for only 3% of world production which is about 5 Mt per annum. Half of this comes from Japan and the USA. and other major producers are Korea, the former Soviet Union, France and China. Talc and its more massive mineral form soapstone or steatite arc widely distributed throughout the world and many countries produce it for domestic consumption either by open-cast or underground mining. 

Another group of chlorinated hydrocarbons comprises those made from paraffin wax. Major applications are in extreme pressure lubricants and as extenders and plasticizers in surface coatings and in vinyl plastics. The chlorinated waxes were also widely applied in flameproofing cotton fabrics, which led to large consumption by the military. It is believed that current military requirements for flame-resistant fabrics will be met by vinyl sheeting of vinyl-coated textile products, so that the World War II demand for the halogenated waxes will not be repeated. 

The total world-wide production of oil in 1985 was r )orted at 1.4 million metric tons (1). Fiidi oil is utilized mainly in food and pharmaceutical formulations. Less than five percent is used for such diverse applications as the production of paints, glues, preservatives, lubricants, cosmetics or as an energy source. In the U.S., about 30-40% of the catch is converted into fi meal and oil and, according to the most recent figures, the 1985 fi oil production totaled about 129 thousand metric tons with 98% contributed by menhaden (2). ipart from a few therapeutic products, such as cod liver oil, fi oil is not approved for human consumption in the United States. As a result, over 95 percent of U.S. fi oil is exported overseas vhere it is used in margarine and other foods. However, a petition is currently before the Food and Drug Adininistration to have menhaden and hydrogenated menhaden approved as GE. ... 

The effect of biodiesel fuel from Jatropha curcas oil in DI diesel engines on the components of the engine influenced by fuel before (injection pump, injector) and after the combustion process (piston crown, cylinder head) were studied (Reksowardojo et al., 2005a,c). The test bed procedure used was that commonly used for injection cleanliness evaluation adopted by World-Wide Fuel Charter (December 2002) (ACEA, 2002). Exhaust gas emissions such as nitrogen oxides (NO c), carbon monoxide (CO), brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC), and engine lubricant before and after the test were also measured. 

PS find use as emulsifiers, softeners, fiber lubricants, solubilizers and in many food applications, such as bread, desserts, whipped toppings and miUc products. US consumption in the food area (1981) was almost 4000 mt. Total world production of all types 20000mt/a Lit. Ullmann (5.) A25,747... 

Polychloroprene or neoprene was one of the first synthetic rubbers available to the rubber industry. It now represents 5% of the world s consumption of rubber and is one of the more important speciality elastomers due to its resistance to lubricating oils and greases, oxygen, ozone, weathering, heat and flame. It has been the subject of continuous modification to meet changing market conditions, the main developments being, in chronological order ... 

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