Low-temperature storage tank

The foam sheet is clean, bright in appearance, has excellent cushioning properties, and is nonporous. The foam is extruded as a sheet and is subsequently vacuum thermoformed into the desired shapes for packaging, etc. (Chapters 5 and 7). Use includes low temperature insulation in freezers, coolers, and other types of refrigerated rooms auto, truck bodies, and railroad cars refrigerated pipelines and low-temperature storage tanks for liquefied natural gas. They find usage as a replacement for molded-paper-pulp board in meat and produce trays and egg cartons. 

The low-temperature storage tanks are best suited for the storage of ammonia from the synthesis loop at a low temperature and for the shipping terminals handling a large capacity. The tanks operate at atmospheric pressure, and they are well insulated to minimize the... 

Fixed-roof atmospheric tanks require vents to prevent pressure changes which would othei wise result from temperature changes and withdrawal or addition of liquid. API Standard 2000, Venting Atmospheric and Low Pressure Storage Tanks, gives practical rules for vent design. The principles of this standard can be applied to fluids other than petroleum products. Excessive losses of volatile liquids, particularly those with flash points below 38°C (100°F), may result from the use of open vents on fixed-roof tanks. Sometimes vents are manifolded and led to a vent tank, or the vapor may be extracted by a recov-eiy system. 

Figure 3-2 Isothermal lines showing one-day mean ambient temperatures. Reprinted from API Standard 620, Design and Construction of Large, Welded, Low Pressure Storage Tanks. Seventh Edition (1982) by courtesy of The American Petroleum Institute... 

Steels shall have sufficient notch toughness to avoid brittle fracture under both operating and shutdown conditions. Suitable steels for atmospheric design temperatures are tabulated in API Standard 620 "Recommended Rules For Design and Construction of Large Welded, Low Pressure Storage Tanks."... 

BUTENE OXIDE (106-88-7) Forms explosive mixture with air (flash point -7°F/-22°C). Unless inhibited, violent polymerization can be caused by elevated temperatures, sunlight, acids, aluminum chlorides, bases, iron, tin, potassium, sodium, sodium hydroxide, or certain salts. Reacts violently with oxidizers, alcohols. Reacts with hydroxides, metal chlorides, oxides. Flow or agitation of substance may generate electrostatic charges due to low conductivity. Storage tanks and other equipment should be absolutely dry and free from air, ammonia, acetylene, hydrogen sulfide, rust, and other contaminants. 

In the past, cases of this sort of crack damage in storage tanks and transportation containers for liquid ammonia, both at room temperature and at 0°C, were found in increasing numbers and simulated in laboratory experiments (Wilde 1981 Lunde 1984) (Figure 20.37). In a few cases, the formation of cracks was even observed in areas where the vapor phase has condensed and in low-temperature storage (-33°C). 

Valves. Valves are key components in reactor systems, since they arc the means by which process gas and liquid streams are controlled [48,49]. In the HRE-2 system, which has no control rods, temperature and reactivity arc controlled by valves that control the concentration of the fuel solution, and the power is controlled by valves that control the rate of steam removal from the heat exchangers. "Dump valves perform an emergency scram and normal drain function by controlling the flow of fuel solution to low-pressure storage tanks. Other valves perform pressure-control functions, allotv noncondensablc ga.ses to be bled from the system, or ai ( used to isolate equipment. 

Heating of liquid ammonia, ethylene, LPG, etc., for transfer from ship or other low-temperature storage to ordinary steel pipelines or shipping tanks. 

Plasticizer esters are relatively iaert, thermally stable Hquids with high flash points and low volatihty. Consequently they can be stored safely ia mild steel storage tanks or dmms for extended periods of time. Exposure to high temperatures for extended periods, as encountered ia dmms ia hot climates, is not recommended since it may lead to a deterioration in product quaUty with respect to color, odor, and electrical resistance. 

Storage tanks, lines, and pumps should be heat traced and insulated to enable product handling. Temperature control is required to prevent product degradation because of color alkan olamines have poor heat transfer properties. Exposure to air will also cause product discoloration. Storage tanks should be nitrogen-padded if low color product is required. 

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