Low Durability

The durability of fuel cells needs to be increased by about five times the current rates (e.g., at least 60,000 h for the stationary distributed generation sector) in order for fuel cells to present a long-term reliable alternative to the current power generation technologies available in the maiket. The degradation mechanisms and failure modes within the fuel cell components and the mitigation measures that could be taken to prevent failure need to be examined and tested. Contamination mechanisms in fuel cells due to air pollutants and fuel impurities need to be carefully addressed to resolve the fuel cell durability issue. 

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Munier, I., Lefevre, R., Geotti-Bianchini, F. and Verita, M. (2002). Influence of polluted urban atmosphere on the weathering of low durability glasses. Glass Technology 43 225-237. 

SmartCard Patterns or series of narrow and wide bars and spaces. Short High susceptibility to damage, low durability Highest... 

Fuel cells are being developed and demonstrated in many applications that may have relevance to international security. This includes clean transportation, clean power generation, distributed power generation, and military applications. Fuel cells are versatile, efficient, clean, and modular. They are close to commercialization and there are some niche markets which could enable early penetration. There are a few technical challenges, such as high cost, low durability, and nonexistence of hydrogen infrastructure, but there are no show-stoppers. ... 

Vinyl overlays are thin sheets of polyvinyl chloride, often with a simulated grain pattern, which are glued to the particleboard to obtain an inexpensive finish of relatively low durability. Particleboard panels containing a 3"dimensional design can be vacuum laminated with vinyl films, provided sharp corners are not present in the design. The thermoplastic vinyl film is heated to the softening temperature and, as the air is withdrawn from between the film and the machined panel, atmospheric pressure from above forces the film to conform to the contours of the panel. 

Goo et al. investigated the actuation durability of a conducting shape memory polyurethane/MWNT (CSMPU) actuator and concluded that the number of cycles at breaking decreased, as the actuation temperature increased (108). The possible reason is that more material degradation of CSMPU can be induced due to rapid and large movement of polymer chains as the actuation temperature increases. For a CSMPU actuator, the authors confirmed that an actuation temperature that is higher than the transition temperature produces a rapid response but low durability. 

DMU is highly reactive finish baths have to be used in a few hours Low stability to hydrolysis, low durability to laundering High chlorine retention... 

Low-curing FCs are another new development. They get their repellency without heat, only after drying at room temperature. This is of interest for the impregnation of garments, upholstery and carpets. An inevitable disadvantage is their low durability because of the lack of fixation by crosslinking. 

Low durability of the effects in use, for example after several washings, especially with formaldehyde condensation or non-fibre reactive cationic products (salt exchange processes with anionic surfactants). 

Pressure-treated lumber has a significantly higher static coefficient of friction compared with WPCs. This is a remarkable feature of wood, along with it unsurpassable strength and stiffness compared to WPG materials. If not a relatively low durability of wood, its sensitivity to biodegradation, and an increasing scarcity of wood of a good quality, appropriate for deck materials, composite materials would hardly be competitive to real wood. 

These developments were achieved despite the known technological difficulties associated with the practical use of homogeneous chiral metal-complex catalysts. They have low durabilities and repeatabilities, the chiral phosphine ligands are difficult to synthesize, the catalytic complexes are not recoverable fi om reaction mixtures, and the most effective catalysts based on rhodium complexes are very cjqiensive to synthesize. 

Because of the popcorn, clinker-like low durability nature of some BA particles, BA has been used more frequently in base courses than wearing surfaces. Boiler slag has been used in wearing surfaces, base courses and asphalt surface treatment or seal coat applications... 

In fuel cells, well known catalyst is produced from carbon black-supported Pt particles (Pt/C) for hydrogen and oxygen redox reactions which occurs at anode and cathode but conventional Pt/C catalyst has low durability and can be easily poisoned by carbon monoxide. Electrospun Pt/ruthenium, Pt/rhodium, and Pt nanowires have been produced and compared with Pt/C showing better performance in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). 

Perfumes are blends of essences, water and ethanol. Most essences are oil soluble and are not soluble in water. Ethanol has the drawbacks of a low boiUng point, high volatility, low durability, being lipophobic, and being hard to emulsify. Thus, a surfactant is frequently added to emulsify essences. By adding a hydrophobic functional group at the oil soluble essence particles, oil in a water type of emulsion is formed. To ensure the stability of the perfume. 

A variety of different methods have been proposed as candidates to develop the display mechanism of electronic paper, including the microcapsule method. It is noteworthy, however, that most of these methods are only suitable for the potential fabrication of monochromatic (black and white) displays. Electrochromic displays [4, 5], which involve the use of electrochromic materials that change color as a consequence of electrochemical oxidation and reduction processes, are known to be suitable for the construction of electronic papers with color displays. Unfortunately, however, research on these displays has been limited compared with research on other methods. There are several reasons why research into color displays has been limited, including (1) there are several drawbacks associated with the properties of this material, such as low durability, slow response, and difficulties associated with its use during the fabrication of solid-state devices and (2) the efficiency of the method is heavily dependent on the superiority or inferiority of the electrochromic material. In other words, if an electrochromic material is developed that is suitable for use in electronic paper, it is possible that this method could be a breakthrough in the area of color electronic paper. 

While the cost advantage of using nonprecious catalysts has long been apparent, the poor durability of most N-M-C catalysts has presented an obstacle to further development of these otherwise-promising materials. Despite the low durability evinced by metal macrocycles and other earlier formulations of N-M-C catalysts, recently developed catalysts based on an Fe-doped, N-containing carbon nanotube/nano-particle composite have proved remarkably stable in RDE testing [18]. Indeed, the ORR half-wave potential of this N-Fe-CNT/CNP catalyst, which is initially 0.93 V (cf. 0.91 V for... 

The simplest and most economical type of durability testing is probably immersion in water. Even when the final application for an adhesive joint is in a protected and interior type service, it still may be assuring and practical to show that the joint can survive some limited degree of water contact or higher than ambient humidity exposure. We need to remember that component parts or even whole structures may be temporarily stored or shipped under conditions where water or high humidity may be present. This short exposure of a low durability joint may be enough to weaken it and make survival questionable for long-term service even under mild conditions. 

Applications for the anti-microbial properties on fabrics are diverse. Coating treatment with anti-bacterial chemical is referred as the mainstream of the antibacterial finishing. Due to the relatively low durability of surface treatments, coating of the surfaces is not the most desirable treatment. Other anti-microbials are more toxic or less effective than the halamines under investigation in laboratories. 

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