Long-chain alcohols, solubility

The phase condition for concentrations in the range close to the cmc are found in Fig. 4A. For the lowest soap concentrations, a liquid isotropic alcohol solution separated, when the solubility limit of the alcohol was exceeded. This was changed at concentrations approximately one half the cmc, when a lamellar liquid crystalline phase appeared Instead. After the relatively narrow three-phase region had been transversed, this liquid crystalline phase was the only phase in equilibrium with the aqueous solution. Solubilization of the long chain alcohol Increased at the cmc, as expected. 

Hydroformylation of higher olefins provide long chain alcohols which find use mainly as plasticizers. No aqueous/organic biphasic process is operated yet for this reaction, for several reasons. First, solubility of higher olefins is too small to achieve reasonable reaction rates without applying special additives (co-solvents, detergents, etc.) or other means (e.g. 

The GC/MS analysis showed the acetone-insoluble portion to contain hydrocarbons, long-chain aldehydes and alcohols, fatty acids and fatty acid esters while the acetone soluble portion contained terpenes and terpene esters. The yields of the general chemical classes as determined in the analysis of the five samples are summarized in Table III. A high yield of long-chain alcohols (primarily 1-hexacosanol) is found in all the accessions. While the yields are generally comparable in the North American samples, a significantly... 

The solubility characteristics of surfactants (in water) is one of the most studied phenomena. Even though the molecular structures of surfactants are rather simple, their solubility in water is rather complex as compared to other amphiphiles such as long-chain alcohols, etc., in that it is dependent on the alkyl group. This is easily seen since the alkyl groups will behave mostly as alkanes. The hydrophobic alkyl part exhibits solubility in water, which has been related to a surface tension model of the cavity (see Appendix B). However, it is found additionally that the solubility... 

Formation of RMs by Aliquat-336 in isooctane can be achieved by addition of a co-solvent (straight chain alkyl alcohols) [42,44]. Only those alcohols having low solubility in water can be used as co-solvents for formation of RMs [441. Some of the general co-solvents (Table 1) employed are long chain alcohols, acetates, butyrates, etc. [431. 

Naturally occurring fats contain small amounts of soluble minor consituents pigments (carotenoids, chlorophyll, etc.), sterols (phytosterols in plant fats, cholesterol in animal fats), vitamin A (from carotenes), vitamin D (calciferol), waxes (esters of long-chain alcohols and fatty acids), ethers, and degradation products of fatty acids, proteins, and carbohydrates. Most of these minor compounds are removed in processing, and some are valuable by-products. 

Some new extractants were not soluble in alkanes thus, a long-chain alcohol like n-octanol had to be selected. The degradation of the diglycolamide TODGA was similar for n-octanol and dodecane solutions (182,183). With polyaromatic nitrogen donors like the /Pr-BTP molecule, a similar hydrolysis effect was measured in pure w-octanol and alkane-octanol (70-30% in volume) (244). 

Saponification of fats and oils with strong alkali, such as sodium hydroxide, yields sodium salts of fatty acids and glycerol, both of which are soluble in water. On the other hand, hydrolysis of waxes yields sodium salts of fatty acids and long-chain alcohols. The long-chain alcohols are too hydrocarbon-like to be soluble in water and do not dissolve (consult Table 7.1). 

What is the name of the long-chain alcohol CH3(CH2)6CH2OH What is its water solubility How is this alcohol used to describe bioaccumulation effects What is the name of the parameter obtained using this alcohol to describe such effects ... 

For extraction of uranium from sulfate leach liquors, alkyl phosphoric acids, alkyl phosphates, and secondary and tertiary alkyl amines are used in an inert diluent such as kerosene. The formation of a third phase is suppressed by addition of modifiers such as long-chain alcohols or neutral phosphate esters. Such compounds also increase the solubility of the amine salt in the diluent and improve phase separation. 

More commonly, waxes are esters of an alcohol other than glycerol (long chain alcohol, sterol, hydroxycarotenoids, vitamin A) and a long chain acid (wax esters). Wax esters are saponified by hot alkaline solutions and give a fatty acid and an alcohol. They are soluble in aromatic solvents, chloroform, ethers, esters and ketones. 

Separation by solvent extraction Uranium can be extracted from aqueous solutions using extraction agents into the solvent phase, from which it can be stripped. The extraction agents used are phosphorus compounds such as di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phosphate, tri-n-butyl-phosphate and tri-n-octylphosphine oxide as well as primary, secondary and tertiary amines in salt form or as quaternary ammonium salts. The extraction agents are diluted with inert hydrocarbons, preferably kerosene, to concentrations of 4 to 10% by volume. The solubility of the amine salts, particularly the hydrogen sulfates, chlorides and nitrates is increased by adding long chain alcohols (e.g. isodecanol). 

The results of nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared, dielectric, and viscosity measurements on pure mono- and dihydric alcohols and alcohol-water systems are discussed in terms of the information they provide on the nature and extent of molecular association in these systems. This association leads to the formation of dimeric and multimeric species in the pure liquid alcohols, an unexpectedly high solubility of water in the long-chain alcohols, and the occurrence of a liquid crystalline phase in 1,2-diol-water systems. 

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