Localized acquired resistance

Ross, A.F. (1961a). Localized acquired resistance to plant virus infections in hypersensitive hosts. Virology 14, 329-39. 

Local infection of a plant will stimulate the development of natural defense mechanisms often resulting in an immune reaction toward a variety of pathogens. Certain chemicals can also trigger the same biochemical reactions in plants. Among the chemicals found to induce this systemic acquired resistance (SAR) are thieno[2,3-rf [ 1,2,3]-thiadiazoles 195 <1999JPR341>. 

Systemic Acquired Resistance. SAR is the induction of a transient long-distance (translocated) defence response to fungal attack that is distinct from the local production of phytoalexins. The transient nature of SAR is important and has likely been selected in the course of evolution as a corollary to the energy demands that are made on the plant by the permanent mobilisation of resistance mechanisms. However, plants challenged by fungi are sensitised to subsequent attack and the speed of their SAR response is increased. 

Hecht, E. Bateman, D. (1964). Non-specific acquired resistance to pathogens resulting from localized infection by Thielaviopsis basicola or virus in tobacco leaves. Phytopathology 54, 523-39. 

Ross, A.F. (19616). Systemic acquired resistance induced by localized virus infections in plants. Virology 14, 340-58. 

A localized predisposing infection with a necrotizing pathogen usually results in a type of resistance referred to as systemic acquired resistance (SAR). SAR has been described for a large number of plant species [5,6,42]. 

Anthelmintics are drugs that act locally to expel worms from the GI tract or systemicaUy to eradicate adult helminths or developmental forms that invade organs and tissues. Because metazoan parasites generally are long-lived and have relatively complex life cycles, acquired resistance to anthelmintics in humans is not a major factor limiting clinical efficacy. The extensive use of anthelmintics in veterinary medicine ensures that the potential of drug resistance among helminths in humans cannot be discounted. 

The characteristics of individual forms of corrosion are taken into consideration by providing appropriate corrosion specimens. Welded coupons having the surface quality of the material used later in practice are sufficient for determining uniform corrosion rates and acquiring general information on the type of local corrosion. Resistance to crevice corrosion can be determined by using specimens as described in ASTM G 78-83. Conditions of heat transfer can be simulated by using hot-wall/cool-wall specimens under temperature-controlled conditions. 

The patient s vital signs provide the most sensitive indicator of response to therapy and normalisation of heart rate, respiratory rate, oxygenation, blood pressure and temperature should be confirmed. Laboratory markers of infection such as CRP and WCC should be monitored to ensure normalisation. Failure to improve may indicate an incorrect diagnosis, a resistant pathogen, poor absorption of antibiotic, immunocompromise or local or distant complications of community-acquired pneumonia such as lung abscess. 

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