Local Success Measures

Deletion of cells is simple to perform. All connections to the cell(s) of least value in a network, as determined by the local success measures, are severed. 

The local success measures of the excised cells are then shared out among their neighbors, either equally, or in inverse proportion to the difference in weights between the cell that is removed and each neighbor to which it was joined. 

The second method that may be used to measure local success is to monitor the accumulated error at each unit. This measures not how frequently the unit wins, but how closely the weights at the unit match the sample pattern... 

If alternative 2 applies, the same unit might be selected by the local error measure for insertion of a new unit as would be picked by the signal counter because, in both cases, the unit is frequently chosen as BMU. Alternative 1, however, picks out units that have a low signal counter rather than a high one. It follows that the course of evolution of a GCS will depend on the type of local measure of success that is used. 

Magnetic field tracking is a relatively new tracked freehand technique that makes use of magnetic localizers to measure the transducer s position and angle in the space. At present it is considered the most successful tracked freehand technique. The system includes a magnetic field generator (transmitter), a miniature magnetic sensor (receiver) and a system control unit. 

Instantaneous local solids densities have been successfully measured in fluidised systems using capacitance probes or fibre optic sensors, e.g. Hartge et al (1988), Herb et al (1989). The fibre optic systems can also be used to measure local solids velocities, although the interpretation is not entirely unambiguous. 

The instmment is very convenient to carry and easy to use. The contact surface of the measuring probe is relatively small (7X7 mm). It is mounted on a spring in order to deliver a constant pressure (3.5 N) on skin during measurements and ensure reproducible measurements. Measurement is very quick and capacitance values, expressed in arbitrary units, are obtained in 1 s a longer measurement period would cause skin occlusion and locally increase the water content at that site. This is also why, when several measurements on the same site have to be taken, it is advisable to wait a few seconds between successive measurements to allow the skin to recover each time from the previous application of the probe. The Comeometer has been reported to measure skin hydration to a depth of 0.1 mm [111], which represents the stratum comeum and the upper part of the epidermis. 

Local Impedance Measurement by Successive Thinning of a Specimen... 

The results of the simulations associated with experimental validations confirm that this technique is valid and promising so that the mobile robots, in an autonomous way, can correct their own trajectories. The consistency ofthe data fusing relative to the odometry and compass sensing of die mobile robot is obtained even after inserting disturbances in the system. The presented method does notmake an instantaneous absolute localization, but successive measurements show that the estimative state converges to the real state of the robot or wheelchair. 

Atomistically detailed models account for all atoms. The force field contains additive contributions specified in tenns of bond lengtlis, bond angles, torsional angles and possible crosstenns. It also includes non-bonded contributions as tire sum of van der Waals interactions, often described by Lennard-Jones potentials, and Coulomb interactions. Atomistic simulations are successfully used to predict tire transport properties of small molecules in glassy polymers, to calculate elastic moduli and to study plastic defonnation and local motion in quasi-static simulations [fy7, ( ]. The atomistic models are also useful to interiDret scattering data [fyl] and NMR measurements [70] in tenns of local order. 

The existence of asperity contacts in mixed lubrication causes great many local events and significant consequences. For example, the parameters describing lubrication and contact conditions, such as film thickness, pressure, subsurface stress, and surface temperature, fluctuate violently and frequently over time and space domain. It is expected that these local events would have significant effects on the service life of machine elements, but experimental measurements are difficult because of the highly random and time-dependent nature of the signals. Only a few successes were reported so far in experimental studies of mixed lubrication, mostly limited to the artificially manufactured... 

The combination of state-of-the-art first-principles calculations of the electronic structure with the Tersoff-Hamann method [38] to simulate STM images provides a successful approach to interpret the STM images from oxide surfaces at the atomic scale. Typically, the local energy-resolved density of states (DOS) is evaluated and isosurfaces of constant charge density are determined. The comparison between simulated and measured high-resolution STM images at different tunneling... 

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