Liquids and vapors

Table 4. Permeability of FEP Fluorocarbon Resins to Liquid Vapors and Gases...

Esdination of Pressure Loss across Control Valves Liquids, Vapors, and Gases... 

Other than reactive metals explosions, which do not truly fall in the types noted above, the two main categories of explosions are flammable gases, liquids/vapors, and dusts. Because their sources are different, they cannot be treated in the same manner for discussion. 

As you can see, it is important to plan the extent of the hazardous areas and various methods, such as fire walls, to prevent the transfer or propagation of volatile/flammahle materials from one plant area to another. When in douht, err on the side of being safe and conservative. Also keep in mind that dust can be just as hazardous as flammable liquids/ vapors and must be classified and handled accordingly. Tables 14-9 and 14-10 identify the NEMA Standard for Motors. ... 

The effect of the heat losses to the inlet on the thermal states of the micro-channel depends mainly on the meniscus position, which is determined by the flow parameters. To characterize this effect, the coefficient of efficiency is introduced it may be defined as the ratio of the energy expended to the liquid vaporization and the total energy supplied to the micro-channel. 

There are many types of emissions to atmosphere, and these can be characterized as particulate (solid or liquid), vapor and gaseous. Overall, the control of atmospheric emissions is difficult because the majority of emissions come from small sources that are difficult to regulate and control. Legislators therefore control emissions from sources that are large enough to justify monitoring and inspection. Industrial emissions of major concern are as follows. 

Jedlovszky P, Vallauri R (2005) Liquid-vapor and liquid-liquid phase equilibria of the Brodholt-Sampoli-Vallauri polarizable water model. J Chem Phys 122(8) 081101... 

Transition matrix estimators have received less attention than the multicanonical and Wang-Landau methods, but have been applied to a small collection of informative examples. Smith and Bruce [111, 112] applied the transition probability approach to the determination of solid-solid phase coexistence in a square-well model of colloids. Erring ton and coworkers [113, 114] have also used the method to determine liquid-vapor and solid-liquid [115] equilibria in the Lennard-Jones system. Transition matrices have also been used to generate high-quality data for the evaluation of surface tension [114, 116] and for the estimation of order parameter weights in phase-switch simulations [117]. 

In subcooled impact, the initial droplet temperature is lower than the saturated temperature of the liquid of the droplet, thus the transient heat transfer inside the droplet needs to be considered. Since the thickness of the vapor layer may be comparable with the mean free path of the gas molecules in the subcooled impact, the kinetic slip treatment of the boundary condition needs to be applied at the liquid-vapor and vapor-solid interface to modify the continuum system. 

PVT Isotope Effects for Liquids, Vapors, and VPIE at LV Equilibrium... 

In a number of industrial operations, there exists the possibility of contacting two different liquids—one hot and relatively nonvolatile and the other cold and more volatile. Should such an event occur, normally the more volatile liquid vaporizes and, thereby, cools the hotter liquid. In certain circumstances, however, the course of events changes dramatically, and vaporization occurs in such a brief period of time as to resemble an explosion. This explosive boiling may initiate shock waves that can damage equipment and injure personnel in the vicinity of the blast. 

Pater, J.P.G., Jacobs, P.A., and Martens, J.A. (1998) 1-Hexene oligomerization in liquid, vapor and supercritical phases over beidellite and ultrastable Y zeolite catalysts. J. Catal., 179, 477. 

The vendor states that activated carbon systems can be used on liquid, vapor, and solid waste streams contaminated with organic materials. Calgon Chemical Corporation has patented activated carbon technology. The vendor states that they produce more than 40 specialized types and sizes of bituminous coal- and coconut-based activated carbons for over 700 applications. Calgon claims the following advantages for its activated carbon systems ... 

FLUID FRICTION, The flow of any actual fluid must of necessity be attended by the presence of friction, due to the physical nature of fluids, none of which meets Ihe requirements of the ideal fluid, as mentioned in fluid flow. A great deal of time and attention have been devoted to the study of Ihe properties of a flowing fluid. The frictional effects present in the flow of liquids have been rationalized much more thoroughly than for vapors and gases. However, for all three the friction is found to depend upon the nature of the fluid itself, its viscosity, and upon the conduit which contains il. Due lo Ihe different molecular arrangemenl of liquids, vapors, and gases, the study of friction of fluids has become a specialized study of each of these three,... 

A triple point is a point where three phase boundaries meet. For water, it occurs at 4.6 Torr and 0.01°C (see Fig. 8.5). At the triple point, all three phases (ice, liquid, and vapor) coexist in dynamic equilibrium. Under these conditions, water molecules leave ice to become liquid and return to form ice at the same rate liquid vaporizes and vapor condenses at the same rate and ice sublimes and vapor condenses directly to ice again at the same rate. The location of the triple point of a substance is a fixed property of that substance and cannot be changed by changing the conditions. The triple point of water is used to define the size of the kelvin by definition, there are exactly 273.16 kelvins between absolute zero and the triple point of water. The normal freezing point of water is found to lie 0.01 K below the triple point, so 0°C corresponds to 273.15 K. 

The CH and CC vibrational modes of ethane were studied as a function temperature and pressure in the liquid, vapor, and SCF region. This system offers an opportunity to probe near critical solvation forces and their effects on different internal molecular coordinates within the same solute molecule. The room temperature frequency shifts values for the CC and symmetric CH stretch vibrations are shown in Figure 5. 

Hydrosphere The Earth s water, including liquid, vapor, and ice. 

Interestingly, many hyperthermophiles also are highly salt tolerant. This is an adaptation to life involving aqueous systems that evolve with high-pressure liquid/vapor and supercritical fluid-phase separation of hydrother-mally heated seawater. Both psychrophiles and hyperthermophiles have large numbers of species that also require heavy-metal tolerance, due to the concentration of heavy metals by the thermodynamic phase-separation processes operative in both very cold and very hot aqueous systems (Breezee et al. 2004 Kaye and Baross 2002 Summit and Baross 1998). 

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