Liquid Nitro Aromatic Compounds

Liquid Nitro Aromatic Compounds 4.6.1 Properties and Preparation of Nitrobenzene... 

Mechanical sensitivity of the liquid aromatic nitro compounds is very lower and increased with the increase of the number nitro mechanical sensitivily of liquid nitro aliphatic compound is decreased with the increase of carbon atoms, and the mechanical sensitivity is dramatically increased with the increase of nitro group number on the same carbon atom for example, in nitromethane, its explosion limit is 7.3 % (volume) and its impact sensitivity is 0-8 % (hammer is 10 kg and characteristic drop height is 50 cm) mechanical sensitivity of nitro alcohol is lower than that of nitroalkane and aromatic nitro compounds. 

Bratin, K., P. T. Kissinger, R. Briner, and C. Bruntlett. Determination of nitro aromatic, nitramine, and nitrate ester explosive compounds in explosives mixtures and gunshot residue by liquid-chromatography and reductive electrochemical detection. Anal. Chim. Acta 130, 295-311 (1981). 

Aromatic nitro compounds are generally stable but are frequently reactive, especially if they contain groups other than nitro groups in the meta position with respect to one another. As a class they constitute the most important of the military high explosives. They are also used as components of smokeless powder, in compound detonators, and in primer compositions. Liquid nitro compounds, and the mixtures which are produced as by-products from the manufacture of pure nitro compounds for military purposes, are used in non-freezing dynamite and other commercial explosives. The polynitro compounds are solvents for nitrocellulose. 

K. Bratin, P. T. Kissinger, R. C. Briner, and C. S. Bruntlett, Determination of Nitro Aromatic, Nitramine and Nitrate Ester Explosive Compounds in Explosive Mixtures and Gunshot Residue by Liquid Chromatography and Reductive Electrochemical Detection, Analytica Chimica Acta 130, no. 2 (1981) 295. 

Liquid nitro explosives are mainly liquid nitro-containing aliphatics, aromatics and alcohols. Among these compounds, nitro alkane is a very important liquid explosive, which has a certain explosive power. Thus, nitro alkane is an important energy-containing component to produce liquid nitro explosive mixtures and also an important raw material for other nitro derivatives. Additionally, liquid nitro compounds also have applications very widely in the solvent and chemical industries. 

Aryl Hydrazones.—The phenylhydrazoncs of aldehydes and ketones of low molecular weight are generally liquids not adapted for derivatives. By using p-bromo-phenylhydrazine. p-nitro-phenylhydrazine, or ff-naphthylhydrazine, solid derivatives often may be obtained. On the other hand, among the aromatic compounds even the lower members yield solit phenylhydrazones. 

Cone, aqueous solutions of the urea salt will dissolve sohd or liquid aromatic nitro compounds (e g. picric acid [1], or nitrobenzene [2]) to give high velocity explosives. See next item below... 

Nitric acid Nitroaromatics, or Nitrobenzene Peroxodisulfuric acid Organic liquids Sodium chlorate Nitrobenzene Tetranitromethane Aromatic nitro compounds Uronium perchlorate Organic materials... 

Grob RL, Cao KB. 1990. High-performance liquid chromatographic study of the recovery of aromatic amine and nitro compounds from soil. J Environ Sci Health Part A Environ Sci Eng... 

In some countries, especially during World War I when nitroglycerine was in short supply, it was partly replaced by aromatic nitro compounds, e.g. liquid DNT (a liquid mixture of DNT and TNT isomers). Partial replacement of nitroglycerine by nitro compounds also reduced the erosive effect of the powder by lowering the heat of explosion and the flame temperature during explosive decomposition. 

Furthermore, it dissolves in liquid or fused aromatic nitro compounds and in nitric esters to form eutectics. T. Urbanski [16] has reported the composition and melting temperatures of the eutectics specified below (Fig. 71). 

Nitro-DisplacementPolymerization. The facile nucleophilic displacement of a nitro group on a phthalimide by an oxyanion has been used to prepare polyetherimides by heating bisphenoxides with bisnitrophthalimides (91). For example with 4,4/-dinitro monomers, a polymer with the Ultem backbone is prepared as follows (92). Because of the high reactivity of the nitro phthalimides, the polymerization can be carried out at temperatures below 75°C. Relative reactivities are nitro compounds over halogens, A/-aryl imides over IV-alkyl imides, and 3-substituents over 4-substituents. Solvents are usually dipolar aprotic liquids such as dimethyl sulfoxide, and sometimes an aromatic liquid is used, in addition. 

LCEC systems are used for a wide variety of applications, many of which have been published [1,32]. Space does not permit a thorough review however, it is possible to generalize by considering the classes of compounds that have most frequently been studied phenols, aromatic amines, thiols, quinones, and nitro compounds. By analogy with liquid chromatography with UV detection (LCUV), it is frequently desirable to obtain an electrochemical spectrum of a compound to assess Its suitability for LCEC. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) is the electrochemical equivalent of spectroscopy (Chap. 3). It is useful to carry out CV experiments in several possible mobile phases, since electrochemical reactions can be very dependent on the medium. 

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