Refrigeration equipment

Indirect refrigeration systems are more prevalent in the chemical industiy than in the food industiy, commercial refrigeration, or comfort air-conditioning. This is even more evident in the cases where a large amount of heat is to be removed or where a low temperature level is involved. Advantage of an indirect system is centrahzation of refrigeration equipment, which is specially important for relocation of refrigeration equipment in a nonhazardous area, both for people and equipment. 

Sufficient temperature differences between sites on the same component can cause a galvanic current flow. In these cases, the site with the higher temperature is usually the corrosion site (see Case History 16.3). Galvanic corrosion of this form can potentially affect heat exchangers and refrigeration equipment. 

Commercial refrigeration - Alternatives to CFCs for new commercial refrigeration equipment include HCFCs (including HCFC mixtures) and HFCs and HFC mixtures. Retrofit of existing equipment is possible by using both HCFCs and HFCs, in conjunction with reduced charges and more efficient compressors. Hydrocarbons are, to a limited extent, applied in hermetically sealed systems. 

Air conditioning and warm air heating equipment and oommercial and industrial refrigeration equipment... 

Ton of refrigeration The heat equivalent to melting 2,000 lb (one ton) of ice in 24 hours. One ton equals 12,000 Btu/hr or 200 Btu/min. To be comparative, refrigeration equipment must have the refrigerant level (or evaporation temperature) specified. 

This chapter is about the new refrigerants and the new attitude needed in design, maintenance and servicing of refrigeration equipment. 

Bulk tanker vehicles will not collect milk which is warmer than 4°C. If milk can be picked up from the farm at this temperature in bulk tankers, and transported quickly enough to the creamery, then there is no need to have refrigeration equipment on the vehicle. 

Arthur D. Little, Inc. (1996). Energy Savings Potential for Commercial Refrigeration Equipment. Issued June 1996, Reference No. 46230-00. 

Because Freons, or fluorochloro-compounds, have been used in refrigeration equipment, their evaporation and condensation characteristics have been studied, as summarized recently by Carey (1992). They have also been shown to be good fluids to simulate water in boiling crisis tests (Sec. 5.3.4.1). Correlations for CHF of these compounds are therefore of interest. 

Stress-crack-resistant HIPS for refrigeration equipment and packaging of fats (BASF). Translucent HIPS for clear-on-contact packagings (BASF). 

Sir William Ramsay (1852-1916) and Morris William Travers (1872-1961) discovered three new elements in just three months in 1898. They were krypton (May), neon (June), and xenon (July). The most difficult to identify was xenon because Ramsay and Travers needed to produce 10,000 pounds of liquid krypton in their refrigeration equipment in order to obtain just one pound of xenon. This was possible because of xenon s high critical temperature and because xenon s density is greater than oxygen s. 

Tressler, D.K., van Arsdel, W.B. and Copley, M.J., (eds.). The freezing preservation of foods, volume 1, principles of refrigeration equipment for food freezing refrigerating and transporting frozen foods, 4 ed., AVI, Westport, Connecticut, 1968. 

These reactors operate below room temperature to attain a high equilibrium yield, and refrigeration equipment is a major component of an alkylation process. 

The required refrigerating equipment is divided into individual circuits as described above between the cooling circuits and the operating groups. It includes the connecting piping and valves such as liquid magnetic valves and thermostatic expansion valves (provide manufacturer information). 

Dependable information has been developed for the heat rejector requirements of different types of power equipment air compressors, refrigeration equipment, steam condensers, diesel engines and natural gas engines. Table 5.1 gives information on the heat absorbed by cooling water for this type of power equipment. 

Figure 20 Small-scale LNG concept developed by SINTEF using basically standard refrigeration equipment such as copper-brazed heat exchangers and oil-lubricated screw compressors in order to suppress investment cost. The cycle uses a mixed refrigerant (N2, C1 C2, C3, C4), and will require about 0.6 kWh per kg LNG.

In addition, the reliability of the refrigeration equipment and the provision of spare machines and backup power must be considered. This becomes especially important in locations where hurricanes, seismic events, tornadoes, and ice storms are possible. However, with proper design and maintenance, a refrigeration system can be highly reliable. 

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