Associated liquid

Por most normal liquids the constant has a value of approx. 88JmolK" . Associated liquids show marked variations from this value. The Trouton constant is the molar entropy of vaporization. 

As an illustrative example, consider the vibrational energy relaxation of the cyanide ion in water [45], The mechanisms for relaxation are particularly difficult to assess when the solute is strongly coupled to the solvent, and the solvent itself is an associating liquid. Therefore, precise experimental measurements are extremely usefiil. By using a diatomic solute molecule, this system is free from complications due to coupling... 

For predic ting diffiisivities in binary polar or associating liquid systems at liign solute dilution, the method of Wilke and Chang " defined in Eq. (2-156) can be utilized. The Tyn and Cains equation (2-152) can be used to determine the molar volume of the solute at the normal boihng point. Errors average 20 percent, with occasional errors of 35 percent. The method is not considered to be accurate above a solute concentration of 5 mole percent. 

The single contingency which results in the largest vapor load regardless of any associated liquid load, is used to determine the maximum required vapor space C-F, and a high level alarm is placed at point C. 

P. Bryk, A. Patrykiejew, O. Pizio, S. Sokolowski. The chemical potential of Lennard-Jones associating fluids from osmotic Monte Carlo simulations. Mol Phys 92 949, 1997 A method for the determination of chemical potential for associating liquids. Mol Phys 90 665, 1997. 

The mp and bp increase in the order of nonpolar to polar to ionic compounds. Associated liquids, in which the molecules are held together by hydrogen bonds, show higher bp than nonassociated polar compounds of similar molecular w eights. 

The interface between the two solutions ZnS04/H2S04 and the associated liquid junction potential. ... 

Batch filtration. Batch filtration involves the separation of suspended solids from a slurry of associated liquid. The required product could be either the solid particles or the liquid filtrate. In batch filtration, the filter medium presents an initial resistance to the fluid flow that will change as particles are deposited. The driving forces used in batch filtration are2 ... 

Batch filtration involves the separation of suspended solids from a slurry of associated liquid. The required product... 

Pratt, L. R. LaViolette, R. A., Quasi-chemical theories of associated liquids, Mol. Phys. 1998, 94, 909-915... 

The standard enthalpy of formation of monomeric HF is a hypothetical state that must be related to that of the real associated liquid, gas, or aqueous solution met in calorimetiy. Considerable difficulty has been encountered in allowing for the heat of association, which varies with temperature and pressure. For example, the presence of traces of water can affect the polymerization by entering into the hydrogen bonding (30) the treatment of results will depend on the association model adopted. The magnitude of corrections for gas imperfections has... 

Figure 3.3. Schematic representation of the diagrams for the alkali metals with a selected number of elements of the p-block. In each box the solid intermediate phases are represented in the positions approximately corresponding to their compositions (long bars congruent melting phases short bars non-congruent phases). In the top part of each box every mark corresponds to a characteristic composition of the liquid phase for which the formation of an associate ( liquid compound ) may be suggested, for instance by the presence of an extremum in the trend of some property of the liquid phase. The symbol 2 L shown for certain ranges of compositions in a few diagrams indicates the presence of a miscibility gap in the liquid state, that is two liquid phases.

During the last few years the progress of computational techniques has made it possible to simulate the dynamic behavior of whole ensembles consisting of several hundred molecules. In this way the limitations of the statistical approach can be at least partly overcome. Two kinds of methods — molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo calculations — were applied to liquids and liquid mixtures and brought new insight into their structure and properties. Even some important characteristics of systems as complicated as associated liquids like water could be... 

Summarizing this chapter briefly, available calculations generally concern very limited aspects of the solvation of polar molecules. We have to be aware of the fact that much remains to be learnt about the theoretical treatment of associated liquids and liquid mixtures. 

Superheated-solvent drying in which a material containing non-aqueous moisture is dried by contact with superheated vapours of its own associated liquid, and,... 

Vapour pressure. Vapour pressure (vp) of non associated liquids can be related to temperature (T) using the impirical equation of McGowan (35) which is based on a combination of Trouton s rule and the Clapeyron-Clausius equation as follows -... 

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