Single liquid filling

Never install two control valves in series in a single liquid-filled line because liquids are essentially incompressible and flow through the hne should be determined by one... 

Figure 2. Flow of a single gas bubble through a liquid-filled cylindrical capillary. The liquid contains a soluble surfactant whose distribution along the bubble interface is sketched.

In the second mechanism the topology of the pore network plays a role [394], During the desorption process, vaporization can occur only from pores that have access to the vapor phase, and not from pores that are surrounded by other liquid-filled pores. There is a pore blocking effect in which a metastable liquid phase is preserved below the condensation pressure until vaporization occurs in a neighboring pore. Therefore, the relative pressure at which vaporization occurs depends on the size of the pore, the connectivity of the network, and the state of neighboring pores. For a single ink bottle pore this is illustrated in Fig. 9.15. The adsorption process is dominated by the radius of the large inner cavity while the desorption process is limited by the smaller neck. 

Fig. 2.3. Structure of inhibited polymer films (a) single-layered filled with solid Cl particles (b) with a layer of glued particles (c) with a porous layer impregnated with inhibited liquid (d) with a liquid Cl in the glued layer (e) with a liquid Cl between film layers (f) with Cl in the gaseous phase sealed between layers (g) with a layer foamed by an inhibited gas. (1) polymer base (2) Cl particles (3) porous layer (4) glued inhibited layer (5) gaseous pellet of Cl vapors (6) jelly layer with inhibited liquid...

Sodium Chloride Solubilities in Amine-Water Mixtures. The sodium chloride solubilities were determined as a function of the amine concentration at the crystallization temperature in the single liquid phase region. The experiments were carried out in the equilibrium vessel as described in the previous section. The vessel was filled with a saturated sodium chloride solution. At the crystallization temperature a known amount of amine was added, resulting in the crystallization of sodium chloride. After a period of at least 60 minutes the stirring was stopped and liquid samples of the mixture were taken. Conductivity measurements showed that this period of time was sufficient to reach chemical equilibrium. The salt concentrations in the liquid samples were determined gravimetrically. 

In summary, when both the liquid- and vapor-equilibrated transport modes occur in the membrane they are assumed to occur in parallel. In other words, there are two separate contiguous pathways through the membrane, one with liquid-filled channels and another that is a one-phase-type region with collapsed channels. To determine how much of the overall water flux is distributed between the two transport modes, the fraction of expanded channels is used. As a final note, at the limits of S = 1 and S = 0, Eqs. (5.17) and (5.18) or their effective property analogs collapse to the respective equations for the single transport mode, as expected. 

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