Self-assembly liquid crystals

Hence, fluorous liquid crystal self assembly is an attractive area with importance for numerous practical applications and for the general understanding of the development of complexity in self-assembled systems. It is connected to other fields of soft matter research such as compartmentation of micelles and membranes... 

Yazaki S, Kamikawa Y, Yoshio M et al (2008) Ionic liquid crystals self-assembly of imida-zolium salts containing an L-glutamic acid moiety. Chem Lett 37 538-539... 

M. Mathews, N. Tamaoki, Reversibly tunable helicity induction and inversion in liquid crystal self-assembly by a planar chiropdc trigger molecule. Chem. Commun. 3609-3611 (2009)... 

C. Tschierske, Development of structural complexity by liquid-crystal self-assembly. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 52, 8828-8878 (2013)... 

Keywords Fullerene Liquid crystals Self-assembled mrxiolayers Photovoltaics Organic solar cells... 

Lagerwall JP, Schiitz C, Salajkova M, Noh J, Park JH, Scalia G, Bergstrom L (2014) Cellulose nanocrystal-based materials from liquid crystal self-assembly and glass formation to multifunctional thin films. NPG Asia Mater 6(l) e80 Lahiji RR, Xu X, Reifenberger R, Raman A, Rudie A, Moon RJ (2010) Atomic force microscopy characterization of cellulose nanocrystals. Langmuir 26 4480-4488 Lu P, Hsieh YL (2009) Cellulose nanocrystal-filled poly (acrylic acid) nanocomposite fibrous membranes. Nanotechnology 20(41) 415604... 

Siperstein, F. R., and Gubbins, K. E. 2003. Phase separation and liquid crystal self-assembly in surfactant-inorganic-solvent systems. Langmuir 19 2049. 

Kumar, S. Pal, K. S. Synthesis and characterization of novel imidazolium-based ionic discotic liquid crystals with a triphenylene moiety. Tetrahedron Lett. 2005, 46, 2607-2610. Yazaki, S. Kamikawa, Y Yoshio, M. Hamasaki, A. Mukai, T. Ohno, H. Kato, T. Ionic liquid crystals Self-assembly of imidazo-lium salts containing an L-glutamic acid moiety, Chem. Lett. 2008, 37, 538-539. 

Keywords Dendronized polymer Liquid crystal Self-assembly Supramolecular chemistry... 

Ionic liquid crystals Self-assembly of imidazolium salts containing an L-glutamic add moiety. Chem. Lett, 37,538-539. 

Al and Dl are self-assembled groups which form Dl - -Al discotic liquid crystals. They assemble into a hexagonal columnar mesophase. 

Crystallization is an important separation proeess that purifies fluids by forming solids. Crystallization is also a partiele formation proeess by whieh moleeules in solution or vapour are transformed into a solid phase of regular lattiee strueture, whieh is refleeted on the external faees. Crystallization may be further deseribed as a self-assembly moleeular building proeess. Crystallo-graphie and moleeular faetors are thus very important in affeeting the shape (habit), purity and strueture of erystals, as eonsidered in detail by, for example, Mullin (2001) and Myerson (1999). In this ehapter the internal erystal strueture and external partiele eharaeteristies of size and shape are eonsidered, whieh are important indieators of produet quality and ean affeet downstream proeessing, sueh as solid-liquid separation markedly. Larger partieles separate out from fluids more quiekly than fines and are less prone to dust formation whilst smaller partieles dissolve more rapidly. 

Self-Assembled Layers, Langmuir-Blodgett Layers, and Liquid Crystals... 

Furukawa N, Sato S (1999) New Aspects of Hypervalent Organosulfur Compounds. 205 89-129 Gabriel J-C P, Davidson P (2003) Mineral Liquid Crystals from Self-Assembly of Anisotropic Nanosystems. 226 119-172... 

The importance of surface characterization in molecular architecture chemistry and engineering is obvious. Solid surfaces are becoming essential building blocks for constructing molecular architectures, as demonstrated in self-assembled monolayer formation [6] and alternate layer-by-layer adsorption [7]. Surface-induced structuring of liqnids is also well-known [8,9], which has implications for micro- and nano-technologies (i.e., liqnid crystal displays and micromachines). The virtue of the force measurement has been demonstrated, for example, in our report on novel molecular architectures (alcohol clusters) at solid-liquid interfaces [10]. 

In this chapter we describe the basic principles involved in the controlled production and modification of two-dimensional protein crystals. These are synthesized in nature as the outermost cell surface layer (S-layer) of prokaryotic organisms and have been successfully applied as basic building blocks in a biomolecular construction kit. Most importantly, the constituent subunits of the S-layer lattices have the capability to recrystallize into iso-porous closed monolayers in suspension, at liquid-surface interfaces, on lipid films, on liposomes, and on solid supports (e.g., silicon wafers, metals, and polymers). The self-assembled monomolecular lattices have been utilized for the immobilization of functional biomolecules in an ordered fashion and for their controlled confinement in defined areas of nanometer dimension. Thus, S-layers fulfill key requirements for the development of new supramolecular materials and enable the design of a broad spectrum of nanoscale devices, as required in molecular nanotechnology, nanobiotechnology, and biomimetics [1-3]. 

In the first step, lipid model membranes have been generated (Fig. 15) on the air/liquid interface, on a glass micropipette (see Section VIII.A.1), and on an aperture that separates two cells filled with subphase (see Section VIII.A.2). Further, amphiphilic lipid molecules have been self-assembled in an aqueous medium surrounding unilamellar vesicles (see Section VIII.A.3). Subsequently, the S-layer protein of B. coagulans E38/vl, B. stearother-mophilus PV72/p2, or B. sphaericus CCM 2177 have been injected into the aqueous subphase (Fig. 15). As on solid supports, crystal growth of S-layer lattices on planar or vesicular lipid films is initiated simultaneously at many randomly distributed nucleation... 

Another direction in liquid crystal research is the fabrication of new molecules that mimic natural materials. The molecule shown here forms two different liquid crystals because of the cylindrical properties of the color-shaded portions of the molecule. These two trios are tethered together by long hydrocarbon chains. In addition to forming liquid crystals, this molecule self-assembles into organized larger units, as do proteins and DNA. The techniques used to synthesize this particular molecule can be adapted to incorporate... 

Kato T, Mizoshita N, Moriyama M, Kitamura T (2005) Gelation of Liquid Crystals with Self-Assembled Fibers. 256 219-236 Kaul M, see Pilch DS (2005) 253 179-204... 

As the analytical, synthetic, and physical characterization techniques of the chemical sciences have advanced, the scale of material control moves to smaller sizes. Nanoscience is the examination of objects—particles, liquid droplets, crystals, fibers—with sizes that are larger than molecules but smaller than structures commonly prepared by photolithographic microfabrication. The definition of nanomaterials is neither sharp nor easy, nor need it be. Single molecules can be considered components of nanosystems (and are considered as such in fields such as molecular electronics and molecular motors). So can objects that have dimensions of >100 nm, even though such objects can be fabricated—albeit with substantial technical difficulty—by photolithography. We will define (somewhat arbitrarily) nanoscience as the study of the preparation, characterization, and use of substances having dimensions in the range of 1 to 100 nm. Many types of chemical systems, such as self-assembled monolayers (with only one dimension small) or carbon nanotubes (buckytubes) (with two dimensions small), are considered nanosystems. 

So far we have considered the formation of tubules in systems of fixed molecular chirality. It is also possible that tubules might form out of membranes that undergo a chiral symmetry-breaking transition, in which they spontaneously break reflection symmetry and select a handedness, even if they are composed of achiral molecules. This symmetry breaking has been seen in bent-core liquid crystals which spontaneously form a liquid conglomerate composed of macroscopic chiral domains of either handedness.194 This topic is extensively discussed in Walba s chapter elsewhere in this volume. Some indications of this effect have also been seen in experiments on self-assembled aggregates.195,196... 

Chiral Lyotropic Discotic Liquid Crystals and Self-Assembly of Chiral Discotics in Dilute Solution... 

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