Liquefied petroleum gases transportation

National Transportation Safety Board. 1979. Pipeline Accident report—Mid-America Pipeline System—Liquefied petroleum gas pipeline rupture and fire, Donnellson, Iowa, August 4, 1978. NTSB-Report NTSB-PAR-79-1. 

See also Climatic Effects Fossil Fuels Gasoline and Additives Governmental Inteiwention in Energy Markets Liquefied Petroleum Gas Methane Natural Gas, Processing and Conversion of Natural Gas, Transportation, Distribution, and Storage of Oil and Gas, Exploration for Oil and Gas, Production of Risk Assesment and Management. 

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) (Cont d) storage, 403 transportation, 483 Liquids density, 49 effluent, 509 flashing, 50 immiscible, 49 thermal expansion, 49, 65 vaporization, 45, 246... 

Commercial Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), is a mixture of the liquefied gases of propane (C3) and butane (C4). It is obtained from natural gas or petroleum. LPG is liquefied for transport and then vaporized for use as a heating fuel, engine fuel or as a feedstock in the petrochemical or chemical industries. It has a flammability range of 1.8% to 10% and the vapor has a density of 1.5 to 2.0 that of... 

Liquefied petroleum gas and liquefied natural gas can share the facility of being stored and transported as a liquid and then vaporized and used as a gas. To achieve this, liquefied petroleum gas must be maintained at moderate pressure but at ambient temperature. The liquefied natural gas can be at ambient pressure but must be maintained at a temperature of roughly —1 to 60°C (30 to 140°F). In fact, in some applications it is acmaUy economical and convenient to use... 

Demirbas, A. 2002. Enel properties of hydrogen, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and compressed natural gas (CNG) for transportation. Energy Sources 24 601-610. 

However, the domestic and rural uses of liquefied petroleum gas have by no means been fully developed. Because of temporary shortages due to inadequate transportation or lack of storage in consuming areas in the years since the end of World War II, there has been some tendency to think that supplies of propane and butane might become short within the next few years. As an instance of this, an executive of a large motor manufacturer told the writer in 1949 that his company had lost interest in developing truck engines for butane because it felt that fuel supplies could not be relied upon. 

Storage and Transportation. Handling requirements are similar to liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). Storage conditions are much milder. Butylenes are stored as liquids at temperatures ranging from 0 to 40°C and at pressures from 100 to 400 kPa (1—4 atm). These conditions are much lower than those required for LPG. Their transportation is also similar to LPG they are shipped in tank cars, transported in pipelines, or barged. 

Liquefied propane is marketed as a fuel for outlying areas where other fuels may not be readily available and for portable cook stoves. In this form, the propane may be marketed as LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) or mixed with butane and pentane, the latter also constituents of natural gas (1.7% and 0.6%, respectively), LPG also is transported via pipelines in certain areas. The heating value ofpure propane is 2520 Btu/ft3 (283 Calones/m3) butane 3260 Biu/fL3 (366 Calories/m3) and pentane 4025 Btu/ft3 (452 Calories/m3). Propane and the other liquefied gases are clean and appropriate for most heating purposes, making them very attractive where they are competitively priced. 

Under the National Energy Policy Act of 1992 nonpetroleum-based transportation fuels are to be introduced in the United States. Such fuels include natural gas (see Gas, natural), liquefied petroleum gas (qv) (LPG), methanol (qv), ethanol (qv), and hydrogen (qv), although hydrogen fuels are not expected to be a factor until after the year 2000 (see also Alcohol FUELS Hydrogen energy). 

Liquefied petroleum gas propane, butane, or mixtures thereof, gaseous at atmospheric temperature and pressure, held in the liquid state by pressure to facilitate storage, transport, and handling. 

While natural gas reforming is the primary process for the industrial production of H2, the reforming of other gaseous hydrocarbons such as ethane, propane, and n-butane have been explored for the production of H2 for fuel cells.52,97 The reforming of propane and n-butane received particular attention in recent years, because they are the primary constituents of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), which is available commercially and can be easily transported and stored on-site. LPG could be an attractive fuel for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) and PEMFCs for mobile applications.98 01 The chemistry, thermodynamics, catalysts, kinetics, and reaction mechanism involved in the reforming of C2-C4 hydrocarbons are briefly discussed in this section. 

A number of alternatives were examined by the LFTB including compressed natural gas (CNG), liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), methanol as a gasoline extender, pure methanol as a gasoline or diesel substitute and the production of synthetic fuels. This work resulted in the presentation of two reports to Government, in August and October 1979, containing recommendations on an initial strategy for transport fuels supply and gas utilisation in New Zealand. Two major projects were recommended ... 

Methanol itself can be used as a transportation fuel just as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and ethanol however, direct use of methanol as a motor fuel would require nontrivial engine modifications and substantial changes in lubrication system. This is why methanol to gasoline is quite appealing [69,73]. 

Natural gas (gas phase), liquefied natural gas (LNG), substitute natural gas (SNG), and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) are considered to be integral parts of the gas transport industry. The criterion for selection of the mode of gas transportation depends on several factors among which the following are very important [1] ... 

Butane, in both gaseous and liquid form, is widely used as a fuel. Because it is easily stored and transported in small containers, it is used as a fuel for backpacking stoves, small space heaters, and portable torches. Butane is also the fuel most commonly used in cigarette lighters. It may be used in its pure form or in combination with propane as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). Butane is also used as a fuel for larger household and industrial operations. 

Fossil fuels are extremely versatile energy sources. They serve a wide diversity of purposes, including transportation, heating, electricity, industrial applications and feedstock for the chemical industry. Crude oil in particular can be separated and processed into a wide range of usefiil products. Its lightest fractions - consisting mainly of propane and butane - are in the gaseous state at ambient pressure and temperature, but may be liquefied at relatively low pressures. This liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is suitable for a variety of applications as feedstock for the... 

In today s world, production of various petroleum products, such as petrol, diesel, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and several other hydrocarbons, decides the economy of a country. The basic products required to produce these important ingredients are crude oil and natural gas, the main source for which is either offshore or desert. Oil exploration, several miles away from cities and towns and production units such as refineries, poses a big challenge to transport the ingredients to... 

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