Lipoproteins antibodies

Both simple and complex species (e.g., water, lipids, proteins, lipoproteins, antibodies, enzymes, viruses, and small and large electrolyte ions) may be adsorbed on or transported across the interfaces of biological membranes, membrane subunits, and particles. These translocations are associated with membrane or particle formation, fusion, exchange, and lysis. The processes may be relevant to the movement, exchange, and clearance of extracellular material at the alveolar lining layer of the lung (7). Within this framework, the role of surface and hypophase viscosity has not been investigated. 

For HDL-C measurements, similar developments have taken place with direct homogeneous assays, which eliminate the need for precipitation and separation steps (Okazaki et al. 1997 Reed 1997 Warnick, Nauck, and Rifai 2001). The differing proportions of lipoproteins (and their cholesterol content) in the plasmas of the various laboratory species mean that the suitability of these homogeneous and precipitation methods must be checked if meaningful results are to be obtained, particularly when lipoprotein antibodies are used (Warnick and Albers 1978 Hoffmann et al. 1985 Sjoblom and Eklund 1989 Tschantz and Sunahara 1993 Escola-Gil et al. 1999 Ensign et al. 2006). 

Fc receptor, under certain conditions, can mediate the uptake of lipoprotein-antibody complexes, which results in lipid accumulation (350). 

The concentration of total protein in human plasma is approximately 7.0-7.5 g/dL and comprises the major part of the solids of the plasma. The proteins of the plasma are actually a complex mixture that includes not only simple proteins but also conjugated proteins such as glycoproteins and various types of lipoproteins. Thousands of antibodies are present in human plasma, though the amount of any one antibody is usually quite low under normal circumstances. The relative dimensions and molecular masses of some of the most important plasma proteins are shown in Figure 50-1. 

Protein C, protein S, antithrombin III, activated protein C resistance, lipoprotein(a) anticardiolipin antibodies, lupus anticoagulant, prothrombin gene mutation 20210a... 

Palinski, W., Yla-Herttuala, S., Rosenfeld, M.E., Butler, S.W., Socher, S.A., Parthasarathy, S., Curtiss, L.K. and Witztum, J.L. (1990). Antisera and monoclonal antibodies specific for epitopes generated during oxidative modification of low density lipoproteins. Arteriosclerosis 10, 325-335. 

Antibodies to very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and LDL have been detected in the serum of patients with RA, but not control groups (Lazarevic et al., 1993). In these studies, 38% of patients with active RA tested positive for anti-VLDL/LDL antibodies whilst these autoantibodies were not detected in patients with psoriatic arthritis, osteoarthritis or healthy subjects. Lipoproteins were found in the dissociated components of circulating immune complexes in the serum of 30% of the RA patients. It was concluded that dyslipoproteinaemia in some RA patients may be due to an autoimmune component of the disease. 

Vaarala, O., Alfthan, G., Jauhiainen, M., Leirisalo-Repo, M., Aho, K. and Palosuo, T. (1993). Cross-reaction between antibodies to oxidised low-density lipoprotein and to cardiolipin in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lancet 341, 923-925. 

Biotin-hydrazide has been used to biotinylate antibodies at their oxidized carbohydrate residues (O Shanessy et al., 1984, 1987 O Shanessy and Quarles, 1985 Hoffman and O Shannessy, 1988), to modify the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor (Wade et al., 1985), to biotinylate nerve growth factor (NGF) (Rosenberg et al., 1986), and to modify cytosine groups in oligonucleotides to produce probes suitable for hybridization assays (Reisfeld et al., 1987) (Chapter 27, Section 2.3). 

Liquid chromatography-electrogenerated chemiluminescence Lithium diisopropylamide Low-density lipoprotein Laser-induced fluorescence Limit of detection Monoclonal antibody Maximum admissible concentration l,2-B (3-chlorophenyl)ethylenediamine Micellar electrokinetic chromatography 4,4 - Oxalyl 6 [(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imino]-ethylene 6 (4-methylmorpholinium)trifluoromethanesulfonate Maltose phosphorylase Multipinned phase... 

Hoogerbrugge N, Zillikens MC, Jansen H, Meeter K, Deckers J W, Birkenhager JC (1998) Estrogen replacement decreases the level of antibodies against oxidized low-density lipoprotein in postmenopausal women with coronary heart disease. Metabolism 47 675-680... 

Uint L, Gebara OC, Pinto LB, Wajngarten M, Boschcov P, da Luz PL, Gidlund M (2003) Hormone replacement therapy increases levels of antibodies againstheatshock protein 65 and certain species of oxidized low density lipoprotein. Braz J Med Biol Res 36 491-494... 

Standardization problems (L4) arise from the polymorphic nature of apo(a) and from its linkage to apo-B within the Lp(a) lipoprotein. A combination of an anti-apo(a) as capture antibody with an anti-apo-B for detection enables the expression of the Lp(a) concentration as lipoprotein particles. The size of the apo(a) isoforms becomes critical in assays using only apo(a) antibodies, so that the problem of the units of mass for Lp(a) has not been solved yet. 

LI. Labeur, G., Michiels, G., Bury, J., Usher, D. C., and Rosseneu, M., Lipoprotein(a) quantified by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with monoclonal antibodies. Clin. Chem. 

M18. Matsuda, J., Gotoh, M., Gohchi, K., Saitoh, N., and Tsukamoto, M.. Serum lipoprotein(a) level is increased in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus irrespective of positivity of antiphospholipid antibodies. Thromb. Res. 73, 83-84 (1994). 

Tl. Taddei-Peters, W. C., Butman, B. T., Jones, G. R., Venetta, T. M., Macomber, P. F., and Ransom, J. H., Quantification of lipoprotein(a) particles containing various apolipoprotein(a) isoforms by a monoclonal anti apo(a) capture antibody and a polyclonal anti-apolipoprotein B detection antibody sandwich enzyme immunoassay. Clin. Chem. (Winston-Salem, NC) 39, 1382-1389 (1993). 

W18. Wong, W. L. T., Eaton, D. L., Berloui, A., Fendly, B., and Hass, P. E., A monoclonal-antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for lipoprotein(a). Clin. Chem. (Winston-Salem. NC) 36, 192-197 (1990). 

Y2. Yamazaki, M., Asakura, H., Jokaji, H., Saito, M., Uotani, C., Kumabahiri, I., Morishita, E., Aoshima, K., Ikeda, T., and Marsuda, T., Plasma levels of lipoprotein(a) are elevated in patients with the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. Thromb. Haemostasis 71, 424-427 (1994). 

Ab, Antibody BBB, Blood Brain Barrier CNS, Central Nervous System HIV, Human Immunodeficiency Virus HSA, Human Serum Albumin IGF, Insulin Growth Factor I/R, Ischaemia/Reperfusion MW, Molecular Weight OxLDL, Oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein -R, -receptor sCD4, soluble CD4 VEGF, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor. 

The table also lists important globulins in blood plasma, with their mass and function. The a- and p-globulins are involved in the transport of lipids (lipoproteins see p. 278), hormones, vitamins, and metal ions. In addition, they provide coagulation factors, protease inhibitors, and the proteins of the complement system (see p. 298). Soluble antibodies (immunoglobulins see p. 300) make up the y-globulin fraction. 

Lophine, chemiluminescence, 1212 LOQ (Limits of quantitation), 625 Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) o,o -dityrosine residues, 610 hydroperoxide determination, 675 oxidation, 610-11, 612, 613, 671 oxidized antibody determination, 633 TEARS assay, 667... 

Each class of lipoprotein has a specific function, determined by its point of synthesis, lipid composition, and apolipoprotein content. At least nine different apolipoproteins are found in the lipoproteins of human plasma (Table 21-3), distinguishable by their size, their reactions with specific antibodies, and their characteristic distribution in the lipoprotein classes. These protein components act as signals, targeting lipoproteins to specific tissues or activating enzymes that act on the lipoproteins. 

Some freeze-dried antisera are difficult to reconstitute, or occasionally may lose activity. Test a small sample before drying the whole batch. Any cloudiness after reconstitution is denatured lipoprotein, and can be clarified by centrifugation and does not affect antibody binding. 

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