Lipids nailing

Functional Nail-Care Products. Cuticle removers are solutions of dilute alkaHes that faciHtate removal, or at least softeniag, of the cuticle. Formulations containing as much as 5% potassium hydroxide have been reported. Such preparations may contain about 10% glycerine to reduce dryiag, and thickeners, such as clays, to reduce mnoff Lipids and other conditioners are iacluded to reduce damage to tissues other than the cuticle. 

The nails are composed of flattened, keratinized cells, fused into a dense and hard, yet slightly elastic plate. Their thickness varies from 0.5 to 1.0 mm. In contrast to the stratum corneum (10%), the total lipid content of the nails lies between 0.1% and 1%, and the keratin domain is harder, due to higher sulfur content (cystine). Moreover, the water content is only 7% to 12%, in comparison to 25% in the stratum corneum. The relative water gain may not exceed 25% at 100% relative humidity, in sharp contrast to 200-300% as found in the stratum corneum. 

Wertz, P. and Norlen, L., Confidence intervals for the true lipid composition of the human skin barrier in Skin, Hair, and Nails. Forslind, B. and Lindberg, M., Eds., Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, Basel, 2004, p. 85. 

Melnik, B., Hollmann, J., Hofmann, U., Yuh, M-S., and Plewig, G. Lipid composition of outer stratum corneum and nails in atopic and control subjects. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 282 549-551 (1990). 

Fiei, B., Stocker, R., and Ames, B, (1988), Antioudant defenses and lipid peioKidation in human blood plasma, Proc. Nail. Acad. Sci. Lf.S.A. 85, 9748-9752. 

Davis M, Atwal AS, Nail DR, et al The effect of short-term lipid lowering with atorvastatin on carotid... 

Although manganese has been proved to be essential in many animal studies, proof of Its essentiality in humans is lacking. In most animal species, manganese deficiency results in skeletal abnormalities, poor posture and impaired reproduction (Leach, 1974). Abnormalities in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism have also been noted. Only one unsubstantiated case of manganese deficiency in humans has been reported (Doisy 1974). Symptoms seen included a decrease in plasma cholesterol slowed growth of hair and nails a reddening of the beard and hair and scaly dermatitis. The patient also had vitamin K deficiency at the same time. 

Skin, Hair, and Nails, ed. B. Forslind and M. Lindberg in Basic and Clinical Dermatology, Vol. 26, Marcel Dekker, Inc., 2004 R 302 Y.-W. Hsueh, J. Thewalt, N. Kitson and D.J. Moore, Stratum Corneum Lipid Structure Insights from NMR and FTIR Spectroscopic Studies , p. 65... 

Camphor, dibutyl phthalate [84-74-2], and other lipidic solvents are common plasticizers. Nail lacquers require the presence of a suspending agent because pigments have a tendency to settle. Most tinted lacquers contain a suitable flocculating agent, such as... 

Staining Applications Lipids "" fats " skin "" lips ° lipsticks contact lens eye shadow keratin fibers hairs latex particles " nail enamel sun-screen ° spinal fluid ... 

Uses Emollient, conditioner, o/w emulsifier, gellant, moisturizer, solubilizer used In aq. or dilute alcoholic preparations (shampoos, aftershaves, cleansers) solubilizer and carrier for nail care preps. solubilizer for perfumes and lipids Properties Golden yel. soft wax faint char, odor sol. in water sol. cloudy in anhyd. ethanol partly sol. in castor oil si. sol. in min. oil, IPM drop pt. 42-50 C acid no. 5 max. sapon. no. 20-36 flash pt. > 100 C pH 3.5-8.0 (5% aq.)... 

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