Linoleic Acid CLA

Chilliard Y, Ferlay A and Doreau M (2001), Effects of different types of forages, animal fat or marine oils in cow s diet on milk fat secretion and composition, especially conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids , Livestock Production Science, 70, 31-48. 

Conjugated-diene butyl, 4 436—431 Conjugated drying oils, 9 148 Conjugated hemoglobin, 4 122-124 Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), 10 829 17 664-665... 

Lie and coworkers31 reported the synthesis and NMR properties of all geometrical isomers of conjugated linoleic acids. Pure geometric isomers of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) were prepared from castor oil as the primary starting material. Methyl octadeca-9Z, 11 /i-dienoate (36) and methyl octadeca-9Z,llZ-dienoate (38) were obtained by zinc reduction of methyl santalbate (35, methyl octadec-11 -en-9-ynoatc) and methyl... 

Table 9.2 Concentration of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers in selected foods (modified from Ha, Grimm and Pariza, 1989)...

BASIC PROTOCOL I PREPARATION OF FATTY ACID METHYL ESTERS FROM LIPID SAMPLES CATALYZED WITH BORON TRIFLUORIDE IN METHANOL In this method, lipid samples are first saponified with an excess of NaOH in methanol. Liberated fatty acids are then methylated in the presence of BF3 in methanol. The resulting fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) are extracted with an organic solvent (isooctane or hexane), and then sealed in GC sample vials for analysis. Because of the acidic condition and high temperature (100°C) used in the process, isomerization will occur to those fatty acids containing conjugated dienes, such as in dairy and ruminant meat products, that contain conjugated linoleic acids (CLA). If CLA isomers are of interest in the analysis, Basic Protocol 2 or the Alternate Protocol should be used instead. Based on experience, this method underestimates the amount of the naturally occurring cis-9, trans-11 CLA isomer by -10%. The formulas for the chemical reactions involved in this protocol are outlined in Equation D1.2.1 Saponification RCOO-R + NaOH, RCOO-Na + R -OH v 100°C DC Esterification RCOO-Na + CH,OH r 3 v RCOO-CH, + NaOH ioo°c ... 

On the other hand, BF3 (see Basic Protocol 1), as well as other acidic catalysts, will change the double-bond configuration of fatty acids that contain conjugated dienes. As research on conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and other conjugated fatty acids becomes more popular, it is essential not to provide misinformation about compositional analysis due to improper application of a methylation protocol (Li and Watkins, 1998). The basic catalysts perform better on lipids rich in fatty acids with unique conjugated diene structures. Isomerization and artifacts are not produced when sodium methoxide or TMG are used as transesterification agents... 

Mossoba, M.M., 2001. Analytical techniques for conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) analysis. European J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 103 594-627. 

Conductivity, in water activity measurement, 67-70 Confocal laser scanning microscopy to characterize lipid crystals, 575-579 description of, 575, 577 Conjugated dienes and trienes, determination of, 515-517 Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), fatty acid analysis, 437-438, 445-446 Convection oven, gravimetric measurement of water, 7-8, 10-11... 

Loor, J.J., Ueda, K., Ferlay, A., Chilliard, Y., and Doreau, M. 2005. Intestinal flow and digestibility of trans fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) in dairy cows fed a high-concentrate diet supplemented with fish oil, linseed oil, or sunflower oil. Anim. Feed Sci. Tech. 119, 203-225. 

Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA)." IronMagazine.com, September 6, 2002. Available online. URL www.ironmagazine. com/review9.html. Accessed November 13, 2007. 

Carotene, alone and conjugated with linoleic acid (CLA), octadecadienoic acid... 

Precht, D., Molkentin, J. 1997. 7>tfm-geometrical and positional isomers of linoleic acid including conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in German milk and vegetable fats. Fett/Lipid., 99, 319-326. 

Giesy, J.G., McGuire, M.A., Shafii, B., Hanson, T.W. 2002. Effect of dose of calcium salts of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on percentage and fatty acid content of milk fat in midlactation Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 85, 2023-2029. 

Kelsey, J.A., Corl, B.A., Collier, R.J., Bauman, D.E. 2003. The effect of breed, parity, and stage of lactation on conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in milk fat from dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 86,... 

Bauman, D.E., Baumgard, L.H., Corl, B.A., Griinari, J.M. 2001. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and the dairy cow. In Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition 2001 (P.C. Gams-worthy, J. Wiseman, eds.), pp. 221-250, Nottingham University Press, Nottingham. 

Baumgard, L.H., Sangster, J.K., Bauman, D.E. 2001. Milk fat synthesis in dairy cows is progressively reduced by increasing supplemental amounts of trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). J. Nutr. 131, 1764-1769. 

Dhiman, T.R., Satter, L.D., Pariza, M.W., Galli, M.P., Albright, K., Tolosa, M.X. 2000. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content of milk from cows offered diets rich in linoleic and linolenic acid. J. Dairy Sci. 83, 1016-1027. 

Griinari, J.M., Bauman, D.E., Chilliard, Y., Perajoki, P., Nurmela, K.V.V. 2000a. Dietary influences on conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) in bovine milk fat. 3rd Meeting European Section of AOCS, Helsinki, pp. 87. 

Kritchevsky, D., Tepper, S.A., Wright, S., Tso, P., Czarnecki, S.K. 2000. Influence of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on establishment and progression of atherosclerosis in rabbits.. / Am. Coll. Nutr. 19, 472S t77S. 

Moore, C.E., Hafliger, H.C., Mendivil, O.B., Sanders, S.R., Bauman, D.E., Baumgard, L.H. 2004. Increasing amounts of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) progressively reduces milk fat synthesis immediately postpartum. J. Dairy Sci. 87, 1886-1895. 

Perfield, J.W., Delmonte, P., Lock, A.L., Yurawecz, M.P., Bauman, D.E. 2004a. trans-10, trans-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) reduces the A9-desaturase index without affecting milk fat yield in lactating dairy cow. J. Dairy Sci. 87 (Suppl. 1), 128. 

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