Line transient

The primary advantages of mechanical scales are that they are relatively inexpensive in smaller capacities they do not need electrical power, enhancing thein portabiUty and they do not need to be protected from power line transients or lightning strikes. 

Load-ceU mountings must be designed in such a way as to minimise the effects of extraneous forces Electrical power is required, along with power-line transient protection... 

These products are very sensitive and are best used in a controlled environment Electric power, along with suitable power line transient protection, is required Capacity range is limited, although this can be extended through the use of lever systems... 

Requires shielding and special procedures to avoid exposure of personnel to radiation Frequent recahbration is required to compensate for source decay over time Electrical power and power line transient protection required... 

Actually, a total closed-loop phase lag limit of 3i5 degrees is commonly used by designers any closer to 360 degrees would constitute a metastable system. This could result in the power supply breaking out into periods of oscillation when large loads or line transients are experienced. 

The complex transient r vs t, or equivalently r vs 0Na or r vs Uwr behaviour of Fig. 4.15 parallels the steady-state rvs UWr behaviour shown in Fig. 4.16, where for each point UWr has been imposed potentiostatically, until the current I has vanished and the corresponding rate value, r, has been measured. This shows that the catalyst surface readjusts fairly fast to the galvanostatically imposed transient 0Na values (Fig. 4.15). The dashed and dotted line transients on the same figure were obtained with the same gaseous composition but with initial Uwr values of 0 and -0.3 V respectively. It is noteworthy that the three transients are practically identical which shows the reversibility of the system. 

For simplicity let us consider an idealized point (or line) transient plume. Then by an extension of Equation (10.27), it can be shown that the plume dimensionless variables would depend on the axial position and time as... 

We have investigated the transient spectra of DMEP solutions in the delay interval —2 to 10 ps for further excitation frequencies in the range 3430-3555 cm-1. The data (not shown) are consistently fitted with a set of Lorentzian-shaped spectral lines (transient holes and inverse holes) by determining the minimum deviation numerically (65). Some results are summarized in Table 3. The transition frequency of holes (v = 0 v =... 

As an indication of line transient/surges, a commercial power line of 480 volts to a satellite tracking station was monitored for spikes greater than one joule by Odenburg (H). 

There was also a very long-lined transient ( v 0.6 sec) that may be due to diphenoquinone species that are always present in low concentrations in uncapped PPO solutions. 

However, the rate at which the output can be corrected by the power supply (under sudden changes in line and load) is also important — since no physical process is instantaneous either. So the property of any converter to provide quick regulation (correction) under external disturbances is referred to as its loop response. Clearly, the loop response is as before, a combination of its step-load response and its line transient response. ... 

We also want to maximize the bandwidth to achieve quick response to extremely sudden load or line transients. By sampling theory, we know that we certainly need to set the crossover frequency to less than half the switching frequency. So, in practice, most designers set the crossover frequency at about one-sixth the switching frequency (for voltage mode control). 

Transient for loss of outside lines Transients not caused by the loss of the electric power generation system Transients caused by loss of electric power generation system Spurious opening of relief valve... 

Ametani, A. 1976. A highly efficient method for calculating transmission line transients. IEEE Trans. Power Appl. Syst. 95 1545-1551. 

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