Electric power generation systems

Nuclear and magneto-hydrodynamic electric power generation systems have been produced on a scale which could lead to industrial production, but to-date technical problems, mainly connected with corrosion of the containing materials, has hampered full-scale development. In the case of nuclear power, the proposed fast reactor, which uses fast neutron fission in a small nuclear fuel element, by comparison with fuel rods in thermal neutron reactors, requires a more rapid heat removal than is possible by water cooling, and a liquid sodium-potassium alloy has been used in the development of a near-industrial generator. The fuel container is a vanadium sheath with a niobium outer cladding, since this has a low fast neutron capture cross-section and a low rate of corrosion by the liquid metal coolant. The liquid metal coolant is transported from the fuel to the turbine generating the electric power in stainless steel... 

After an intensive period of R and D on fuel cells in the fifties and early sixties, the present day efforts are centered around one major development under way at United Technologies Corp. (U.S.) where a 1 MW stationary testing unit is now completed and a 4.8 MW demonstration system is under elaboration. Finally, a 27 MW stationary electrical power generating system is due for... 

K. Yamada et al., "Evaluation of Electric Power Generation System by Biomass", Developments in Thermochmical Biomass Conversion (Banff - Canada, 20-24 May, 1996), 1582-1589 (1996)... 

R.F. Buswell, J. V. Clause, R. Cohen, C. Louie, and D.S. Watkins, Hydrocarbon fueled solid polymer fuel cell electric power generation system, Ballard U.S. Patent 5,360,679, 1994. 

The most important emissions considered in the power generation industry, due to their effects on the environment, are SO2, CO2 and NOx which are computed based on each scenario simulatioa The effects of electric power generation systems activities on the climate changes, human health and environmental issues can be mentioned as a significant cost imposed on global community. In this section, the penalty cost modeling of the emission production in each scenario is computed as following equation. 

Transient for loss of outside lines Transients not caused by the loss of the electric power generation system Transients caused by loss of electric power generation system Spurious opening of relief valve... 

Power Take-Off From Engine or Transmission. This type of system is limited to tmcks and there are several take-off means available. Most are some form of electric power generation equipment, belt-driven from the engine crankshaft, which produces either a regulated a-c voltage or rectified direct current for the compressor and fan motors in the body. 

In addition to the circuit breaker, there have been a number of other SMA appHcations for various functions in electric power generation (qv), distribution, and transmission systems. One such device is a thermal indicator that provides a signal visible from the ground of a hot junction or connector in a distribution yard. Such hot spots occur as a result of the loosening of bus bar connectors owing to cycHc temperature as the electric load varies. In addition to the use of SMA flags as a hot-spot indicators, actuators that automatically maintain the contact force in a bus bar connection have been demonstrated. Based on a BeUeviHe washer fabricated from a Cu—Al—Ni SMA trained to exhibit two-way memory, these washers, when heated by a hot joint, increase their force output and correct the condition. A 30 mm diameter washer 3 mm thick can produce a force of over 4000 N. Similar in purpose... 

Whereas near-term appHcation of coal gasification is expected to be in the production of electricity through combined cycle power generation systems, longer term appHcations show considerable potential for producing chemicals from coal using syngas chemistry (45). Products could include ammonia, methanol, synthetic natural gas, and conventional transportation fuels. 

See also Electric Power, Generation of Electric Power Transmission and Distribution Systems Electricity, History of Transformers. 

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