Lindane, endrin, and methoxychlor

CAN LINDANE, ENDRIN, AND METHOXYCHLOR BE ISOLATED AND RECOVERED USING RP-SPE ... 

Note 8.8 /xL of 100 ppm each, lindane, endrin and methoxychlor, dissolved in methanol was added to approximately 60 mL of distilled, deionized water. The spiked sample was passed through the cartridge, previously conditioned with methanol, and eluted with two 500-/xL aliquots of ethyl acetate. The volume of elutent was adjusted to 1.0 mL, and 2 /xL of eluent was injected into a GC. 

The American Public Health Association [97,98] published an early gas chromatographic method for the solvent extraction and gas chromatographic determination of 11 chlorinated insecticides in water samples in amounts, down to 0.005mg L 1 p,p -DT)E, p,p -DDT, Aldrin, Dieldrin, Endrin, Heptachlor, Heptachlor epoxide, Lindane, Isodrin and Methoxychlor. The insecticides Carbophenothion, Chlordane, Dioxathion, Diazinon, Ethion, Malathion, Parathion methyl, methyl Trithion, Parathion, Toxaphene and VC-13 may be determined when present at higher levels. Also, the chemicals chlordane, hexachlorobicycloheptadiene and hexachlorocyclopentadiene, which are pesticide manufacturing precursors, may be analysed by this method. 

Although atrazine was regularly detected in Nebraska ground-water, 11 other pesticides were monitored, but not found (56). These included herbicides 2,4-D, EPTC, and silvex, and insecticides DDT, DDE, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, lindane, and methoxychlor. In this study, alachlor was found in 2 of 14 samples, 0.02 and 0.07 ppb similarly low residues of alachlor were found in 2 of 33 samples in another Nebraska study (55). 

There are six pesticides which have MCLs and they were also analyzed for in the study. Endrin, Toxaphene, 2,4-D, and 2,4,5-T were not detected and Lindane and methoxychlor were found only at extremely low concentrations at a few sites. These products are no longer used on crops, so significant residues were probably not expected and were not found. 

Retrieve the Turbo method titled LEMIS, which stands for lindane, endrin, methoxychlor, internal standard mode of calibration allow sufficient instrument equilibration time. Write a sequence encompassing the calibration standards, ICV, and unknowns. Save the sequence as a file with the name, for example, G 0317 (group, March 17th). Begin to inject a 1-pL aliquot of each working standard. Initially inject iso-octane, then inject in the order lowest to highest concentration level. This order is important because it prevents carryover from one standard to the next. 

Aldrin, chlordecone (Kepone), 2,4-D, DDT and metabolites, dieldrin, endosulfan, endrin, f]- and y-HCH (lindane), linuron, methoxychlor, mirex... 

Toxic organic compounds commonly found in groundwater are presented in Table 18.4. Other toxic organic compounds (representing 1% of cases) include PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls), 2,4-D, 2,4,5-TP (silvex), toxaphene, methoxychlor, lindane, and endrin, of which 2,4-D and silvex are commonly used for killing aquatic and land weeds. Inorganic toxic substances commonly found in... 

Aspila et al. [338] reported the results of an interlaboratory quality control study in five laboratories on the electron capture gas chromatographic determination of ten chlorinated insecticides in standards and spiked and unspiked seawater samples (lindane, heptachlor, aldrin, 5-chlordane, a-chlordane, dield-rin, endrin, p, p -DDT, methoxychlor, and mirex). The methods of analyses used by these workers were not discussed, although it is mentioned that the methods were quite similar to those described in the water quality Branch Analytical Methods Manual [339]. Both hexane and benzene were used for the initial extraction of the water samples. 

Pesticide wastes that are hazardous by reason of the characteristics are those which are either solvent based and have a flash point <60 °C are aqueous and have a pH <2.0 or >12.5 release HCN or H2S upon contact with acids or leach greater than threshold levels of one or more of the elements arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, selenium and silver, or the pesticides endrin, lindane, methoxychlor, toxa-phene, 2,4-D or 2,4,5-TP. To date, these are the only pesticides for which thresholds have been established. 

Millions of pounds (1 lb = 0.454 k) of pesticides are used on croplands, forests, lawns, and gardens in the United States each year. A large quantity of hazardous pesticides is also released by the pesticide industry to the environment. These hazardous pesticides drain off into surface waters or seep into underground water supplies. Many pesticides pose health problems if they get into drinking water and the water is not properly treated. The maximum limits for pesticides in drinking water are (a) endrin, 0.0002 mg/L (b) lindane, 0.004 mg/L (c) methoxychlor, 0.1 mg/L (d) toxaphene, 0.005 mg/L (e) 2,4-D, 0.1 mg/L and (f) 2,4,5-TP silvex, 0.01 mg/L. 

Alachlor, Benzene hexachloride. Cyclodienes Aldrin, Chlordane, Dieldrin, Endrin, Endosulfan, Heptachlor, Isodrin, Telodrin and Toxaphene, DDT and metabolites, Dicofol, Dimethoate, Lindane, Methoxychlor, Mirex, Pentachlorophenol, Perthane... 

Alachlor, benzene hexachloride, cycloodines, aldrin, chlordane, dieldrin, endrin, endosulfan, heptachlor, isodrin, telodrin and toxaphene, DDT and metabolites, dicofol, dimethoate, lindane, methoxychlor, mirex, pentachlorophenol, perthane Azinphosmethyl, bromophos ethyl, chlorpyrifos, crotoxyphos, demeton, diazinon, dichlorvos, ethion, fenitrothion, fensulfothin, fenthion, flusulfothin, methamidophos, mevinphos monocrotophos and dichrotophos, oxamyl, phorate, parathion (ethyl), parathion (methyl), phosphomidon, quinolphos temephos Aldicarb, benomyl, carbaryl, chlorpropham, fenvalerate, methomyl... 

Table I lists the EPA contaminants and the criteria that EPA has established to constitute a hazardous toxic waste. Table 2 shows the concentrations of the inorganic contaminants in the extract from the phosphogypsum samples. All of the organic compounds listed by EPA as hazardous toxic waste.s were tested by the standard EPA procedure none were detected. These included endrin, lindane, methoxychlor, toxaphene, 2,4-D silvex, and 2,4,5-TP silvex. All of the metals listed in Table I were found to be present in the extract at concentrations lower than allowed by EPA (as shown in Table 2). Therefore, by EPA definition phosphogypsum is not a hazardous toxic waste material. This confirms earlier research conclusions 71 that the leaching of trace elements from phosphogypsum is not significant in introducing hazardous toxic waste materials into the environment.

The trace enrichment of pesticides from groundwater is a straightforward problem for reversed-phase SPE. The following example uses the EMPORE disk (C-18) to isolate organochlorine pesticides including aldrin, chlordane, endrin, heptachlor, lindane, methoxychlor, pentachlorophenol, and toxaphene from groundwater (Fig. 4.15). 

At present, the pesticide soil monitoring is carried out by the Ministry of Environment and Waters (MoEW), has started in 1997 and covers the whole country. In the scope of the monitoring programme are the following persistent organochlorine pesticides aldrin, DDT, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, hexachlorbenzene (HCB), methoxychlor, cis-heptachlorepo-xide, alfa-HCH and lindane. 

Many organochlorine insecticides were widely used in decades past, but are now banned because of their toxicities and, particularly, their accumulation and persistence in food chains. Now largely of historical interest, these banned insecticides include methoxychlor (once a popular replacement for DDT), dieldrin, endrin, chlordane, aldrin, heptachlor, toxaphene, lindane, and endosulfan (one of the last to be phased out of general use). 

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