Lin oleic acid

Figure 11.15 The reaction catalysed by lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT). LinoLeate is transferred from a phospholipid in the blood to cholesterol to form cholesteryl linoleate, catalysed by LCAT. The cholesterol ester forms the core of HDL, which transfers cholesterol to the liver. Discoidal HDL (i.e. HDL3) is secreted by the liver and collects cholesterol from the peripheral tissues, especially endothellial cells (see Figure 22.10). Cholesterol is then esterified with lin-oleic acid and HDL changes its structure (HDL2) to a more stable form as shown in the lower part of the figure. R is linoleate.

The sources of these fatty acids in the cells are those that are present at position 2 of the membrane phospholipids. The proportion of these two in the phospholipid depends to a large extent on the type of fatty acids in the triacylg-lycerol in the diet, that is, the amount of the omega-6 (lin-oleic acid) and that of the omega-3 (a-linolenic acid). 

Kamisaka, Y., Yokochi, T., Nakahara, T., and Suzuki, O. 1990. Incorporation of lin-oleic acid ind its conversion to y-linolenic acid in fungi. Lipids, 25,54-60. 

Increased temperatures are also likely to lead to changes in extractive makeup on the wood surface. Polymerization of tannins and monomeric phenolic materials to synthetic phlobaphenes and similar materials is likely to take place. Unsaturated fatty acids such as lin-oleic acid apparently can cleave oxidatively, and the resulting smaller molecular weight fragments attach themselves to the surface of wood (35). 

Chief constituents Chiefly palmitic, oleic, and lin-oleic acids. 

Vaddadi, K.S. 1981. The use of gamma-linolenic acid and lin-oleic acid to differentiate between temporal lobe epilepsy and schizophrenia. Prostaglandins Med. 6(4) 375-379. 

Bylund J, Ericsson J, Oliw EH (1998) Analysis of cytochrome P450 metabolites of arachidonic and lin-oleic acids by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with ion trap MS. Anal Biochem 265 55-68... 

Kramer J.K.G., Parodi P.W., Jensen R.G., Mossoba M.M., Yurawecz M.P., AdJof R.O. Rumenic acid a proposed common name for the maj or conj ugated lin oleic acid isomer found in natural products. Lipids, 33 835-835(1998). 

Infusion of fat into the ileum has been shown to cause a lengthening of the SITT—a phenomenon known as the ileal brake (27,28). However, the effect is generally modest (causing a delay of 30-60 min) and attempts to exploit this mechanism in drug delivery have had limited success. Dobson et al. (29,30) studied the effect of co-administered oleic acid on the small intestinal transit of non-disintegrating tablets. They showed a delay in SITT in over half of all cases, and a doubling of SITT in some instances, but in the other cases SITT was either unaffected or even reduced. Lin et al. (31) have also showed slowed GI transit in patients with chronic diarrhea by administration of emulsions containing 0, 1.6, and 3.2 g of oleic acid. Small intestinal transit in normal subjects was measured at 102 11 min, while the transit times in the patients treated with the three emulsions were, respectively, 29 3, 57 5 and 83 5 min. 

Liquid vegetable oil is a mixture of linolenic, lin-oleic, oleic, and stearic esters. The hydrogenation process of these esters displays a chart of a reaction chain shown in Scheme 10. The processes of preferential hydrogenation of more unsaturated acids with minimum formation of completely saturated fatty acids are preferred by the food industry. The selectivity is expressed as the ratio imo/ oie or k o/ko, where the variables k are the reaction rate constants, and the term fiino represents the conversion of linolenic and linoleic compounds, while ole is for oleic. Thus, good processes have high k o/ko values. 

A very different type of reaction is represented by the conjugation of xenobiotic alcohols with fatty acids, yielding highly lipophilic metabolites accumulating in tissues. Thus, ethanol and haloethanols form esters with palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and lin-olenic acid enzymes catalyzing such reactions are cholesteryl ester synthase (EC 3.1.1.13) and fatty-acyl-ethyl-ester synthase (EC 3.1.1.67) (71). Larger xenobiotics such as tet-rahydrocannabinols and codeine are also acy-... 

Lin and Homing [341,363] carried out comparative investigations of serum long-chain acids (in both free and bound state) of patients during the post-stroke period versus normal individuals a marked decrease in the linoleic/oleic acid ratio was observed for the stroke patients. As capillary GC becomes a widely accepted routine method, its use for rapid screening of various disorders of the lipid metabolism will become more obvious to a number of clinical laboratories. Some progress in this direction has already been indicated [366-368]. As reported by Haan et al. [368], screening of up to SO samples a day for FA from serum and adipose tissue biopsies is entirely feasible. 

Total alkanes Saturated aliphatic esters The acids palmitic, stearic, oleic, lin-oleic, linolenic Catechol... 

Soybean oil is made up of five predominant fatty acids palmitic, stearic, oleic, lin-oleic, and linolenic acids. Fatty acids in oil are characterized by number of carbon atoms (usually 16 or 18) and the number of double bonds between carbon atoms (ranging from 0, 1,2, or 3) (Table 6.6) (Brumm, 2004). A fatty acid with no double bonds is called saturated. A fatty acid with only one double bond is monounsaturated, and fatty acids with two or more double bonds are polyunsaturated. Fatty acids are expressed as a percentage of the oil, and the sum of the fatty acids percentages should equal 100. 

The annual production is about 0.7 million tonnes. The seed has 40%-60% oil with almost equal levels of oleic acid (range 35%-54%, average 46%), linoleic acid (range 39%-59%, average 46%), palmitic acid (7%-12%), palmitoleic acid (trace to 0.5%), stearic acid (3.5%-6%), linolenic acid (trace to 1%), and eicosenoic acid (trace to 1%). The oil contains sesamin (0.5%-l.l%) and sesamo-lin (0.3%-0.6%) and has high oxidative stability due to the presence of natural antioxidants. ... 

Fig. 45. Examples of triple coacervate drops in phosphatides (78 x lin.). a in a soya bean phosphatide sol containing CaClg to which 0.4 cc of aniline were added per 10 cc. b in an egg lecithin sol containing CaCb in which 30% triolein and 30% oleic acid calculated on the egg lecithin are present. The triple coacervate drops are thoroughly liquid because 3.6 mol per 1 ethyl alcohol was present in the medium.

HNE-Modified Protein This arises by the covalent binding of HNE, an endogenously generated major lipid peroxidation product derived from breakdown of lipids containing u)-6 fatty acids (lin-oleic and arachidonic acid), to nucleophilic sites in the given protein. HNE reacts with the side chains of cysteine (Cys, C), histidine (His, H), and lysine (Lys, K) in an order of reactivity Cys His > Lys. 

Lin, H. C., Van Citters, G. W., Heimer, F., and Bonorris, G. (2001). Slowing of gastrointestinal transit by oleic acid - A preliminary report of a novel, nutrient-based treatment in humans. Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 46(2), 223-229. 

In the food area, due to the characteristics of oleic acid mentioned above and the specificity of lipases by the type and positions of fatty acid on the glycerol, it is possible to synthesize lipids rich in oleic acid with improved physicochemical, nutritional and biological properties (Lin and Huey, 2009 Sellami et al., 2012 Farfan et al., 2013). The lipase-catalyzed reaction between oleic acid and phytosterols also produces sterol esters with higher solubility, which contributes to practical applications in food products (Pan et al., 2012). 

Oleic acid is a naturally-occurring fatty acid in animal and vegetable oils. At the present, edible and industrially fatty acids are obtained from seeds of highly oleaginous plants, and oleic acid naturally occurs in greater quantities than any other fatty acid. This characteristic makes it an important compoimd for the diet and for increasing the lipophilicity of bioactive molecules (Lin and Huey, 2009 Aki et al., 2005). 

The biotransformation enables the conversion of many other types of fats, as reported in literature. Lipase-catalyzed acidolysis was successfully used to incorporate oleic acid into palm olein. An increment of 33% oleic acid was obtained, resulting in high oleic content of 55-56% oleic in palm oil products (Lin and Huey, 2009). 

Compositions of fatty acids in hydrazine-treated mitochondrial membranes showed decreases in relative amounts of palmitic (16 0) and stearic (18 0) acids and increases in those of oleic (18 1) and lin-oleic (18 2) acids (Wakabayashi etal. 1987). Among the relative amounts of phospholipid species, the increases in amounts of phosphatidylinosi-tol, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidylethanola-mine were observed. A ratio of phosphatidyletha-nolamine vs. phosphatidylcholine was also increased. 

Ngo HL, Nunez A, Lin W, Foglia TA. Zeolite-catalyzed isomerization of oleic acid to branched-chain isomers. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 2007 109 214-24. 

Table II lists the increases for the four major fatty acids in the free fatty acid fraction. Collectively, palmitic (C. q), oleic (Cig.), linoleic (C g an< lin°lenic comprise greater...

Lin, M.P., Staples, C.R., Sims, C.A., O Keefe, S.F. 1996b. Modification of fatty acids in milk by feeding calcium-protected high oleic sunflower oil. J. Food Sci. 61, 24—27. 

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