High Oxidation Stability

Bismuth oeeurs mainly as bismite (a-Bi203), bismuthinite (Bi2S3) and bismutite [(Bi0)2C03] very oeeasionally it oeeurs native, in assoeiation with Pb, Ag or Co ores. The main eommereial souree of the element is as a byproduet from Pb/Zn and Cu plants, from whieh it is obtained by special processes dependent on the nature of the main product. Sulfide ores are roasted to the oxide and then reduced by iron or charcoal. Because of its low mp, very low solubiUty in Fe, and fairly high oxidative stability in air, Bi can be melted and cast (like Pb) in iron and steel vessels. Like Sb, the metal is too brittle to roll, draw, or extrude at room temperature, but above 225°C Bi can be worked quite well. 

Steam-turbine lubricants Lubricants in steam turbines are not exposed to such arduous conditions as those in engines. The main requirement is for high oxidation stability. However, they may be exposed to aqueous condensate or, in the case of marine installations, to sea water contamination, so they have to be able to separate from water easily and to form a rustpreventing film on ferrous surfaces, and it is usual to employ rust inhibitors. The problem of tin oxide formation on white-metal bearings is associated with the presence of electrically conducting water in lubricants and can be over-come by keeping the lubricant dry . 

Functionally active preformed primary phosphines (e.g.,H2N(CH2)3PH2 3 or Br(CH2)3PH2 17) will provide important building blocks to functionaUze sim-ple/complex molecules with primary phosphine functionaUties. The user friendl/ nature of the air stable primary bisphosphines (e.g., 1,10,16,18-20) will open up new realms of exploratory research that utilize primary phosphines. It is also conceivable that the high oxidative stability and the ease with which primary phosphines can be incorporated on chiral backbones or peptides provide new opportunities for their appHcations in catalysis and biomedicine. 

Inorganic supports have been used less, but they have undeniable advantages, such as the relatively high oxidative stability of the support. A first attempt was made with salen complexes that are vinyl functionalized at both aromatic rings. By coupling in a thioether, catalyst 7f is obtained. For... 

Operation of the Biodiesel Cost Optimizer is fast and easy, making it possible to make large sets of simulations in a short time. This helps better understanding the different value of the different fatty acid methyl esters. It will quickly become clear, when using the Biodiesel Cost Optimizer, that oleic acid methyl esters are the preferential FAME in every biodiesel formula. Oleic acid methyl esters bring a relatively high oxidation stability (50h or more), combined with a more than acceptable CN of around 56, and excellent melting point at -19 °C. Unfortunately, pure oleic acid methyl esters are not available in the market. 

Refined rice bran oil is an excellent salad oil and frying oil with high oxidative stability resulting from its high level of tocopherols and from the presence of the oryzanols (ferulic acid esters of sterols and triterpene alcohols). The oxidative stability of this oil is exploited in Good Fry Oil. This is a frying oil based on oleic-rich sunflower oil to which is added up to 6% of rice bran and/or sesame oil to confer high oxidative stability. Rice bran oil also finds several nonfood uses (45). 

Home frying does not require any shelf life for the fried food. Therefore, use of any liquid oil is acceptable for home frying. High oxidative stability is required for the... 

Wafer batter does not ordinarily contain fat or oil. However, on occasion a small amount of oil is included in the batter, to facilitate release of the baked wafer from the griddle. The amount used is just enough to effect release (perhaps 0.5% of total batter weight). An oil with high oxidative stability would give the best lubrication in this application. 

The quality of a refined oil is usually evaluated by traditional quality parameters such as a low residual FFA content, a high oxidative stability, a light color, and a neutral odor and taste. In addition, high-quality food oils should contain low transfatty acid (TEA) levels, high amounts of natural antioxidants and vitamins, low levels of polymeric and oxidized triacylglycerols, and no contaminants (pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls, etc.) (Tables 5 and 6). 

Coupling fluids are low-viscosity lubricants with high oxidative stability. Low-viscosity gear oils and engine oils may also be used for simple transmissions. 

The annual production is about 0.7 million tonnes. The seed has 40%-60% oil with almost equal levels of oleic acid (range 35%-54%, average 46%), linoleic acid (range 39%-59%, average 46%), palmitic acid (7%-12%), palmitoleic acid (trace to 0.5%), stearic acid (3.5%-6%), linolenic acid (trace to 1%), and eicosenoic acid (trace to 1%). The oil contains sesamin (0.5%-l.l%) and sesamo-lin (0.3%-0.6%) and has high oxidative stability due to the presence of natural antioxidants. ... 

---