Limits precautions

Radioactive blood, body fluids, and other sewer-compatible liquids may be disposed of in the sanitary sewer if quantities are within U.S. NRC license and treatment works limits. Precautions must be taken to prevent exposure of waste handlers. OSHA recommends that disposal of human blood and body fluids be done in a dedicated sink. 

Environmental Substantially biodeg. in water LC50 (rainbow trout, 96 h, static) 309mg/l no toxicity to bacteria at the solubility limit Precaution Wear safety glasses with side shields and NR gloves Hazardous Decomp. Prods. Heated to decomp., emits CO ... 

In retrospect, this study has demonstrated the limitations of two commonly accepted methods of analysing solubilisation and micellar catalysis, respectively. It has become clear that solubilisate ririg-current induced shifts need to be interpreted with due caution. These data indicate a proximity of solubilisate and parts of the surfactant and, strictly, do not specify the location within the micelle where the encounter takes place. Also the use of the pseudophase model for bimolecular reactions requires precaution. When distribution of the reactants over the micelle is not comparable, erroneous results are likely to be obtained... 

Maleic Anhydride. The ACGIH threshold limit value in air for maleic anhydride is 0.25 ppm and the OSHA permissible exposure level (PEL) is also 0.25 ppm (181). Maleic anhydride is a corrosive irritant to eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. Pulmonary edema (collection of fluid in the lungs) can result from airborne exposure. Skin contact should be avoided by the use of mbber gloves. Dust respirators should be used when maleic anhydride dust is present. Maleic anhydride is combustible when exposed to heat or flame and can react vigorously on contact with oxidizers. The material reacts exothermically with water or steam. Violent decompositions of maleic anhydride can be catalyzed at high temperature by strong bases (sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, alkaU metals, and amines). Precaution should be taken during the manufacture and use of maleic anhydride to minimize the presence of basic materials. 

Health and Safety. Both N-methylpyrrohdinone and dibasic esters have very low vapor pressure which limits worker exposure to vapors. Manufacturers recommend that the same safety precautions be taken as with other organic solvents. Ha2ardous location requirements must be considered if the formula is flammable. Ventilation that reduces vapors to manufacturer s recommended exposure levels should be used. 

Cross-country gas pipelines generally must odorize the normally odorless, colorless, and tasteless gas ia urban and suburban areas, as is required of gas distribution companies. Organosulfur compounds, such as mercaptans, are usually used for this purpose, and code requires that the odor must be strong enough for someone with a normal sense of smell to detect a gas leak iato air at one-fifth the lower explosive limit of gas—air mixtures. The latter is about 5%, so the odorant concentration should be about 1%, but most companies odorize more heavily than this as a safety precaution. 

Occupational Safety and Health. OSHA has set no specific limits for sodium and potassium sibcates (88). A pmdent industrial exposure standard could range from the permissible exposure limit (PEL) for inert or nuisance particulates to the PEL for sodium hydroxide, depending on the rate of dissolution and the concentration of airborne material. Material safety data sheets issued by siUcate producers should be consulted for specific handling precautions, recommended personal protective equipment, and other important safety information. 

Toxicity Data on Af- Vinyl-2-Pyrrolidinone. Results of a chronic inhalation study in rats warrant a review of industrial hygiene practices to assure that VP vapor concentrations are maintained at a safe level. One of the manufacturers, ISP, recommends that an appropriate workplace exposure limit be set at 0.1 ppm (vapor) (9). Additionally, normal hygienic practices and precautions are recommended, such as prompt removal from skin and avoidance of ingestion. In case of accidental eye contact, immediately flush with water for at least 15 minutes and seek medical attention. Refer to the manufacturers Material Safety Data Sheets for more detailed information. Table 3 provides some toxicity data. 

Because pulp bleaching agents are, for the most part, reactive oxidising agents, appropriate precautions must be taken in their handling and use. For example, it is important to ensure that the threshold limit values (TLV) (20) in Table 2 are not exceeded in the workplace air. These are airborne concentrations in either parts per million by volume under standard ambient conditions or mg per cubic meter of air. They "represent conditions under which it is beUeved that nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed, day after day, without adverse effect" (20). TWA refers to a time-weighted average for an 8-h workday STEL is a short-term exposure limit or maximum allowable concentration to which workers can be continuously exposed for 15 minutes. 

The component materials comply with apphcable ASTM specifications, but alter manufacture the outer component may increase in hardness beyond specification limits, and special care is required during the tube-rolling operation. When the harder material is on the outside, precautions must be exercised to expand the tube properly. When the inner material is considerably softer, rolling may not be practical unless ferrules of the soft material are used. 

Equilibrium moisture content of a solid is particularly important in drying because it represents the limiting moisture content for given conditions of humidity and temperature. If the material is dried to a moisture content less than it normally possesses in equilibrium with atmospheric air, it will return to its equilibrium value on storage unless special precautions are taken. 

Normally such mills are installed in groups known as wind farms to provide a sizeable power source, except in remote areas, where power demand may be restricted to a very limited area and small mills may suffice. When mills are installed in groups, precautions are necessary to ensure that there is enough distance between any two mills so that there is no hindrance to routine maintenance, on the one hand, and obstruction of wind to other mills, on the other. For more details, refer to the literature available on the subject in the Further reading at the end of the chapter. 

Despite all precautions, urethanes can be used most effectively within certain thermal and oxidation limits. Outside these parameters, other adhesives, such as certain epoxies, cyanate esters, and other high-temperature adhesives, should be considered. 

---