Liking-intake relation

Does the absence of evidence of a liking-intake relation in the study by Lucas and colleagues imply there is not a causal relationship between liking and intake in general Presumably not, as to assume otherwise would beg the question of why product developers and industrial sensory scientists spent countless hours and vast resources optimizing products. It may be that acute intake measurements in the laboratory suffer from sufficient contextual effects or other measurement errors that limit one s ability to observe such relationships. 

Speed of processing, as assessed on tasks like habituation and visual expectancy performance (Colombo, 1993 Dougherty and Haith, 1997). Tasks of this type may be sensitive to nutritional intakes related to neural developmental processes involving myelina-tion, synaptogenesis, and pruning (Rao and Georgieff, 2000). 

Hyperkalemia (increase in potassium in the blood), a serious event, may be seen with the administration of potassium-sparing diuretics. Hyperkalemia is most likely to occur in patients with an inadequate fluid intake and urine output, those with diabetes or renal disease tiie elderly, and those who are severely ill. In patients taking spironolactone, gynecomastia (breast enlargement in tiie male) may occur. This reaction appears to be related to both dosage and duration of therapy. The gynecomastia is usually reversible when therapy is discontinued, but in rare instances, some breast enlargement may remain. 

Enrichment of processed food with plant material or plant extracts rich in polyphenols has two aspects in relation to human nutrition and human health. Food protected against oxidation has better keeping quality and will stay healthy longer since formation of toxic oxidation products, like cholesterol oxides, is being prevented (Britt et al., 1998). The other aspect is the beneficial effects of the intake of polyphenols on human health. Both of these aspects are, however, related to the availability of the phenolic substances. 

The common causes of thyrotoxicosis are shown in Table 41-6.29,30 Thyrotoxicosis can be related to the presence or absence of excess hormone production (hyperthyroidism). Graves disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. Thyrotoxicosis in the elderly is more likely due to toxic thyroid nodules or multinodular goiter than to Graves disease. Excessive intake of thyroid hormone may be due to overtreatment with prescribed therapy. Surreptitious use of thyroid hormones also may occur, especially in health professionals or as a self-remedy for obesity. Thyroid hormones can be obtained easily without a prescription from health food stores or Internet sources. 

Gutniak, M.K., Svartberg, J., Hellstrom, P.M. et al. (2001) Antidiabetogenic action of glucagon-like peptide-1 related to administration relative to meal intake in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Journal of Internal Medicine, 250, 81-87. 

Ca excess, or h)q5ercalcemia, from dietary sources of Ca, including fortified foods and supplements is very rare. In relation to daily Ca intakes, h)q)ercalcemia is t)q5ically only likely to result in the event of extreme habitual overzealousness, which of course is not recommended. Daily Ca intakes that fall short of systemic needs are infinitely more... 

Certain fluctuations in clinical response to levodopa occur with increasing frequency as treatment continues. In some patients, these fluctuations relate to the timing of levodopa intake, and they are then referred to as wearing-off reactions or end-of-dose akinesia. In other instances, fluctuations in clinical state are unrelated to the timing of doses (on-off phenomenon). In the on-off phenomenon, off-periods of marked akinesia alternate over the course of a few hours with on-periods of improved mobility but often marked dyskinesia. The phenomenon is most likely to occur in patients who responded well to treatment initially. The exact mechanism is unknown. For patients with severe off-periods who are unresponsive to other measures, subcutaneously injected apomorphine may provide temporary benefit. 

A vital and often over-looked aspect of risk evaluation is ensuring that the estimate of intake corresponds to the PTWI so that like is being compared with like. For example, toxicological end-points are frequently time-related. On rare... 

The house mouse, mus musculus, is characterized by its ability to live in close association with people. In fact, most have been dependant on human shelter and activity and have migrated along with human population for over 10,000 years. They are referred to as commensal animals because they share related food supplies. Mice like humans are omnivorous and overall are considered a good model to study the regulation of dietary intake and nutrient metabolism in humans. In addition, a wealth of information resources and experimental approaches for mouse genetics are available for the study of biological processes involved in human diseases (1). 

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