Markets light duty

Dedicated Vehicles. Only Brazil and California have continued implementing alcohols in the transportation sector. The BraziUan program, the largest alternative fuel program in the world, used about 7.5% of oil equivalent of ethanol in 1987 (equivalent to 150,000 bbl of cmde oil per day). In 1987 about 4 million vehicles operated on 100% ethanol and 94% of all new vehicles purchased that year were ethanol-fueled. About 25% of Brazil s light-duty vehicle fleet (10) operate on alcohol. The leading BraziUan OEMs are Autolatina (a joint venture of Volkswagen and Ford), GM, and Fiat. Vehicles are manufactured and marketed in Brazil. 

Table 14.4 displays the initial market penetration of all hydrogen vehicles -passenger cars, light-duty vehicles and buses - for the Reference scenario relative to the estimated development of the total vehicle stock as well as the shares of the hydrogen vehicle drive trains, i.e., fuel cells and internal combustion engines. 

They have high foam for shampoos and are kind to the skin. They are also used in light duty products such as dishwashing detergents. It is the least sensitive of the anionics to water hardness and therefore has benefited in the trend away from phosphates. They have 25% of the production for the major household surfactant market. 

The focus of most of this report and this chapter is on light-duty passenger vehicles, the largest segment of the vehicle market. Stationary power systems to produce electric power from hydrogen may be an important part of a possible future H2 energy system, both in a transition to a hydrogen economy and also in the steady state. The committee did not do an extensive analysis of the future stationary electric power system in the United States and the role that H2 may play, but the section below entitled Stationary Power Utilities and Residential Uses delineates some of the developments and opportunities in fuel cells and turbines for stationary power. 

The committee s market trajectory for hydrogen fuel cell vehicles reflects what is possible and shows initial market penetration in 2015, growing to 12 percent of new light-duty... 

FIGURE 3-1 Possible optimistic market scenario showing assumed fraction of hydrogen fuel cell and hybrid vehicles in the United States, 2000 to 2050. Sales of fuel cell light-duty vehicles and their replacement of other vehicles are shown. 

The committee s upper-bound market penetration case for fuel cell vehicles, premised on hybrid vehicle experience, assumes that fuel cell vehicles enter the U.S. light-duty vehicle market in 2015 in competition with conventional and hybrid electric vehicles, reaching 25 percent of light-duty... 

In addition, unlike some alternative fuels which have limited applications as a result of feedstock supply, geographic, or other technical reasons, hydrogen FCVs have the potential to replace light duty gasoline ICEs with a vehicle powered by a widely available and sustainable fuel. It is more attractive for both the government and the private sector to invest in a technology with a large commercial audience, rather than one with a small niche market. 

Thus, there is no evidence that alternative fuel use in niche markets leads to expanded mainstream markets in light duty vehicles. Somewhat greater success with alternative fuels in heavy duty vehicle niche markets, such as garbage trucks, school buses, and utility trucks, has convinced some alternative fuel proponents that niche market development can work in certain situations. 

The overall objective of the TAFV model is to assess the competitive market outcome over time, with and without possible new policy initiatives. Rather than taking fuel and vehicle prices and penetration rates as an input, they are determined from market conditions. Operationally, this is equivalent to maximizing consumer and producer surplus, or well-being, from transportation services provided by light duty vehicles, essentially... 

U.S. Department of Energy. 1996. "An Assessment of the Market Benefits of Alternative Motor Vehicle Fuel Use in the U.S. Transportation Sector Technical Report 14, Market Potential and Impacts of Alternative Fuel Use in Light-Duty Vehicles A 2000/2010 Analysis." DOE/PO-0042, Washington, DC U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Policy and Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. January 1996. 

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