Life-Cycle Issues

Global environmental questions have increased in significance during the last few years. A life-cycle analysis (LCA) analyzes the environmental effect with reference to ecological effects, health effects, and consumption of resources. 

Life-cycle analysis of a filter shows that operation often corresponds to 70% to 80% of the filter s total environmental load and is absolutely decisive as regards environmental effect. Raw material, refining, manufacturing, and transports correspond to about 20% to 30%, while the used filter contributes at most 1%. Filters of plastic or other inflammable material can render 10 kWh to 30 kWh energy when burned, which correspondingly reduces the total environmental load from 0.5% to 1%. On the other hand, if the pressure loss in the filter is reduced by 10 Pa, the environmental load is reduced by 125 kW h per year, or approximately 5% decrease in total environmental load. Filters in industrial applications can have quite different figures. 

TABLE 9,3 Example of Life Cycle Cost Distribution of an Air Filter 

Life-cycle analysis (LCA) does not account for economic aspects, and such analysis should therefore be considered together with a life-cycle cost analysis (LCC), which takes into account the costs of investment, energy, maintenance, and dumping the final waste product throughout the lifetime of a plant. 

Future costs of replacement filters and energy are calculated according to the current value method. The final result for a 1 m /s filter with average pressure loss of 200 Pa may be as shown in Table 9.3, if the calculation is based on a 10-year period. 

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Commercially available processes for resid HCK deal with catalyst life cycle issues by the use of different catalyst/reactor/configuration arrangements. In Ref. [142], Morel et al. discuss the performance and features of these arrangements. A summary of conditions for each reaction system is collected in Table 11. 

Life Cycle Issues Management of Change Management of Change Management of Change... 

Compatibility. See incompatible materials Compliance, audits, 114—115 Concept stage, life cycle issues, 20-23 Consequence analysis, risk assessment, 91 Corporate memory, documentation,... 

Life cycle issues, 19-25 concept and development stages, 20-23... 

Special life cycle issues concern the following ... 

Sadness and bereavement as a result of life cycle issues... 

The first study reported in this chapter made a modest attempt to consider life-cycle issues and travel experience variables. Since this effort illustrates and represents the developmental nature of conducting research it is included here for its demonstration value rather than as a definitive incorporation of life-cycle factors into travel motivation study. The second... 

Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (ICCM 2009). These formally independent treaties cover partially different life-cycle issues. Strong coordination of these with SAICM has been proposed, and a special joint Extra Conference of the Parties for the tree conventions was held in February 2010. 

Dalhammar, C. 2007b. Product and life cycle issues in European environmental law A review of recent developments. In Yearbook of European Environmental Law Vol. 7. Oxford University Press, New York. 

The modem LCS approach was developed in parallel by several institutes in the second half of the 1990s (e.g. [35-37]). Preceding work on social life cycle issues in France ( social balances in the 1970s) and Germany (as part of the Produktlinie-nanalyse in the 1980s) did not have many applications in practice and vanished almost completely, although they were important predecessors of LCS. 

This chapter provides a review of life-cycle issues that are likely to be important for lead-acid battery production and recycling. Issues specific to VRLA technology are noted, as are generic considerations associated with other lead-acid battery... 

Renewable Fuels Supply Americas. Semiannual. Lakewood, NJ OPIS Directories http // www.opisnet.com/directories/renewablefuels.asp (accessed July 23, 2010.) Available in print and CD-ROM. Provides coverage of the renewable fuels supply industry, such as ethanol and biodiosel, and includes topics such as carbon footprint /life-cycle issues and biodiesel feedstocks. 

A focus area for this meeting was a discussion of new approaches to life cycle analyses of biobased processes is described in three papers. Anex reports an evaluation of processes for the production of 1,3-propanediol. Niederl describes an analysis of biodiesel production from tallow, while the paper from Bohimann reports on life cycle issues surrounding polyhydroxylalkanoate production. 

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