Life cycle assessment and

Adhesives and resins are one of the most important raw materials in wood-based panels. Thus, each question concerning the life cycle assessment and the recycling of bonded wood panels does bring into question the adhesive resins used. This includes, for example, the impact of the resin on various environmental aspects such as waste water and effluents, emission of noxious volatile chemicals during production and from the finished boards, or the reuse for energy generation of wood panels. The type of resin has also a crucial influence on feasibility and efficiency for several material recycling processes. 

FIGURE 16.1 Comparison of life cycle assessment and life cycle cost calculations. The result of LCA is (weighted) emissions and the present value of investment and operating costs, e.g,. in Euros. Note that in LCA calculations the present value coefficient is I, but the present value of LCC is always affected by interest rate and the length of the period. ... 

Azapagic, A. (1999) Life Cycle Assessment and Its Application to Process Selection, Design and Optimisation. Chemical Engineering Journal, 73(1), 1-21. 

This last outcome was the starting point for the work to be done during the second part of the project. At this point, the different work packages focused on their topics, that is, in environmental fate, toxicology, risk assessment, life cycle assessment, and socioeconomic issues. The objective was to apply the different methodologies related to these fields of knowledge to the selected substances in order to assess the potential risk that they can pose to the human health and the environment. 

Vercalsteren A, Spirinckx C, Geerken T (2010) Life cycle assessment and eco-efficiency analysis of drinking cups used at public events. Int J Life Cycle Assess 15(2) 221-230... 

Hertwich EG, Mateles SF, Pease WS, McKone TE (2001) Human toxicity potentials for life cycle assessment and toxics release inventory risk screening. Environ Toxicol Chem 20 928-939... 

Report 156 Life Cycle Assessment and Environmental Impact of Polymeric Products, T.J. O Neill, Polymeron Consultancy Network. 

Product performance as well as issues related to supply chain, marketing, etc., need to be addressed. It may also be necessary to evaluate not only the product but also the process in terms of environmental impact, life cycle assessment and/or sustainability, before it can be launched. 

The ISO has also produced a set of quality standards specifically for environmental management. This is the ISO 14000 series. The areas addressed by ISO 14000 are Environmental Management Systems, Environmental Performance Evaluations, Environmental Auditing, Life Cycle Assessment, and Environmental Labeling. 

Shatkin, J.A. (2008) Informing environmental decision making by combining life cycle assessment and risk analysis. J. Ind. Ecol., 12 (3), 278—281. 

Tukker, A. (2002) Life-cycle assessment and the precautionary principle. Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 70. 

Anastas PT, Lankey RL (2000) Life cycle assessment and green chemistry the yin and yang of industrial ecology. Green Chem 2(6) 289-295... 

The environmental issues are providing an exciting opportunity for R D to make a significant contribution, not only to the health of the local community but also the financial health of the company. Some of the major areas for study by R D are catalytic solutions, solvent replacement, novel reactors, such as microreactors, as well as considering the product design carrying out life cycle assessments and the use of alternative feedstocks. This area has become known as Green Chemistry [D-6]. 

Landsiedel, R. and Saling, P. Assessment of toxicological risks for life cycle assessment and eco-efficiency analysis. Int. 1 Life Cycle Assess. 7(5), 261-268, 2002. 

Azapagic, A., Life cycle assessment and its application to process selection, design, and optimization, Chem. Eng. J., 73, 1 (April), 1-21, 1999. 

G. Finnveden, On the Limitations of Life Cycle Assessment and Environmental Systems Analysis Tools in General, International Journal of LCA, 2000, 5, 229. 

Safety Considerations, Life Cycle Assessment and Green Metrics... 

Figure 5.4 Eco-efficiency analysis includes life cycle assessment and environmental profile. Source adapted from Salingeto/. [22].

Process design discussion of the activities of the various sites and divisions highlights the role of life-cycle assessments and product testing in reducing the environmental impact of products and processes. 

Transport in saturated and unsaturated porous media in the subsurface is governed by many of the same mechanisms and affected by many of the same properties of nanomaterials and suspension chemistry. The extent of saturation will affect the retention of nanoparticles as they migrate through a porous medium, with a greater total retention expected for unsaturated porous media. Theoretic models and mathematical relationships are helpful for predicting transport of nanomaterrals in porous media, but experimental data in natural conditions is needed for life cycle assessments and environmental standards. 

Examples of commercial applications are scarce up to now (cf Section 5.3 use of ILs has been considered for a series of specific questions). The scaling-up of IL syntliesis procedures is normally without problems however, the commercialization and/or transport of the ionic liquids raise the question of their registration (EINECS for Europe or equivalents see Section 5.4). Disposal and recycle of ILs are important concerns and have to be considered on a case-by-case basis. And Ionic liquids are not always green - as has been stated by Rogers et al. [42], From the standpoint of life cycle assessment and hazard analysis ILs are clearly not recommendable for industrial use, especially if those with PFg or BF4 as anions are concerned. And it is obviously no wonder that recent new developments such as BMIM octylsulfate have been emphasized as even greener ionic liquids [43],... 

This third edition fixes some of the errors that, despite our best efforts, found their way into the previous editions. Unfortunately, we re sure that we have still not found them all We have expanded and updated the discussion of biobased plastics such as PLA and PHA, plastics recycling, life cycle assessment, and a variety of other topics. 

Brandao, M., Levasseur, A., Kirschbaum, M., Weidema, B., Cowie, A., Jprgensen, S., Hauschild, M., Pennington, D., Chomkhamsri, K., 2013. Key issues and options in accounting for carbon sequestration and temporary storage in life cycle assessment and carbon footprinting. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 18, 230—240. 

Life cycle assessment and environmental impacts of textiles and clothing... 

O Neill, T.J., 2003. Life cycle assessment and environmental impact of polymeric products. Number 12. In Rapra Review Report 156, Vol. 13. ISSN 0889-3144. 

Life cycle assessment and the environmental and social labels in the textile and clothing industry... 

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