Socioeconomic issues

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Larkum AWD (2012) Harvesting solar energy through natural or artificial photosynthesis scientific, social, political and economic implications. In ref. [2], pp 1-19 

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This last outcome was the starting point for the work to be done during the second part of the project. At this point, the different work packages focused on their topics, that is, in environmental fate, toxicology, risk assessment, life cycle assessment, and socioeconomic issues. The objective was to apply the different methodologies related to these fields of knowledge to the selected substances in order to assess the potential risk that they can pose to the human health and the environment. 

There are several reasons for biofuels to be considered as relevant technologies by both developing and indnstriahzed conntries. These include energy security, environmental concerns, foreign exchange savings, and socioeconomic issues, mainly related to the rural sector. 

In secondary prevention the patient has the disease and the objective is to reduce risk factors and to retard progression (e.g. aspirin and lipid-lowering drugs in atherosclerosis and post-myocardial infarction). In breast cancer, the use of tamoxifen, which can itself rarely cause endometrial cancer (which is detectable and treatable), raises complex scientific and socioeconomic issues. 

They emphasized the social determinants of disease - the health consequences of poverty, stress, and the social isolation created by artificial hierarchies based on race, income, wealth, and class - combined with poor nutrition, insufficient recreational opportunities, inadequate health care, and exposure to toxicants. They thus broke down the barrier -which had been created in the original National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 - between environmental issues and socioeconomic issues. 

Most of the HIV-related economic studies calculate direct costs. However, the socioeconomic costs of HI V/AIDS are far greater. For instance, patients as well as family members and friends who provide care incur costs that are not related to payments but to lost income (indirect cost). This cost category includes the loss of wages for a wage earner, the loss of labor for a non-wage earner (e.g., pensioner, household), the loss of harvest for a farmer, and other losses (e.g., loss of education and chances for children of AIDS patients). Some studies address this issue. 

Dohrenwend, Bruce P., Itzhak Levav, Patrick E. Shrout, Sharon Schwartz, Guedalia Naveh, Bruce G. Link, Andrew E. Skodol and Ann Stueve, Socioeconomic Status and Psychiatric Disorders The Causation-Selection Issue , Science 255, no. 5047 (1992) 946-52 Donaldson, Liam, At Least Five a Week Evidence on the Impact of Physical Activity and Its Relationship to Health. A Report from the Chief Medical Officer , Department of Health, 2004 Editorial, A Double-Edged Sword , Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 7 (2008) 275... 

The characterisation of health hazards of food contaminants, the assessment of the occurrence of undesirable compounds in food and the estimation of the dietary intake are key issues in the risk assessment. In 2000, the European Commission published a White Paper on Food Safety, which underlined the importance of ensuring the highest possible standards of food safety and proposed a new approach to achieve them. Recently, PFCs have gained increased scientific and socioeconomic interest as emerging environmental contaminants due to the unique combination of persistence, toxicity and environmental prevalence. Risk assessment of the dietary exposure to PFCs, however, is hampered by the lack of sufficient data about the occurrence of these contaminants in food. 

Wilson showed the increased movement of African Americans in white-collar jobs and attendant life styles similar to their white peers however, he speaks to the issue of career mobility and final positions commensurate with their education and career experience. Wilson s primary concern focused on the plight of the black underclass-whose life chances could not be attributed solely to race. Furthermore, economic trends that changed the structure of work limited the socioeconomic positions of the very poor regardless of race or ethnicity (Cose, 1993). 

These analyses lead us back to broader issues, such as the background conditions where research is conducted, and unavoidably leads us to social justice. Therefore, we should return to a societal analysis and consider the situation of the community involved and how its socioeconomic situation impacts on the research. 

A place dimension. At what scale are the considerations being addressed local, national, global Where in the world are we considering sustainability issues and what is the socioeconomic, political, and physical context What part of the whole system are we considering the process, facility, corporation, value chain How do the elements of the system roll up ... 

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