Basic Legislation

Additional considerations, e.g. relating to labelling, information supply, emergency procedures, arise when marketing and transporting chemicals. While — as with Chapter 11 and with control measures generally — what is required will vary with specific legislation, basic requirements are summarized in Chapter 12. 

For the promulgation of such standardization, as will keep pace with knowledge and developments in science and technology and will have the force of law, the legislator basically has several options. 

Other courts addressing this problem have refused to adopt a rule of proportional recovery. Some have asserted that such a fundamental change of a basic tort principle is more appropriately a legislative function. Others have expressed concern that the long latency period renders any reconstmction of market shares highly speculative. The Restatement notes the opposing views but takes no position on this controversial issue. 

Although considerable federal legislation dealing with air pollution has been enacted since the 1950s, the basic statutory framework now in effect was established by the Clean Air Act of 1970 amended in 1974 to deal with energy-related issues amended in 1977, when a number of amendments containing particularly important provisions associated with the approval of new industrial plants were adopted and amended in 1990 to address toxic air pollutants and ozone nonattainment areas. 

Required locations of gas detectors (sensors) are often specified by the authority having jurisdiction. For example, API RP 14C recommends certain locations for combustible detectors. These recommendations have been legislated into requirements in U.S. Federal waters by the Minerals Management Service. RP 14C should be referred to for specific details, but, basically, combustible gas detectors are required offshore in all inadequately ventilated, classified, enclosed areas. The installation of sensors in nonenclosed areas is seldom either required or necessary. Ignitible or high toxic levels of gas seldom accumulate and remain for significant periods of time in such locations. 

In a modern constitutional democracy, laws are created via a hierarchical legislative process. You will find the principal legal principles laid down in a constitution, which derives its legitimacy directly from the will of the people and can only be amended via referendum. The constitution sets out your basic rights as an individual in the... 

California, one of the first states to recognize the need for control, enacted legislation in 1901 governing the sale of insecticides. This was later broadened to include, under the term economic poisons, all materials used for pest control. In the almost 50 years of regulating these materials in California the law, which is the Economic Poisons Article of the Agricultural Code, has been modified from time to time, but the basic purpose has been to prevent sale of worthless products, to provide for adequate labeling, and to assure users that the products correspond to guarantee. 

The basis for applications will follow the principles laid down in basic European level legislation for the pharmaceutical sector. This is more or less common regardless of the actual mechanism used to gain an approval. The basic requirements for pharmaceutical marketing authorization applications are laid down in Directive 65/65/EEC (as amended). There are no specific requirements for pharmaceutical development or process validation included in the text of that document. 

There are basically two stakeholder groups involved in the development of criteria for leather products or development of restricted substance lists. These stakeholder groups are legislators (national regulations and laws and international... 

The new Biocidal Products Directive is examined, which closes the gap in European legislation for products such as disinfectants and anti-foulants where there has not, until now, been a Europe-wide standard. The basic goals of the directive are to simplify and harmonise Europe s regulatory framework for biocides, and to remove trade barriers within the EU, and to improve the protection of both human health and the environment. The new directive must be enforced as national legislation in all member countries by 14 May 2000. Details are given of products defined within the directive, and ways in which the directive will be put into practice in the UK are discussed. The implications of the legislation on the industry in terms of time and money spent on testing for each active substance involved are examined. 

This directive is concerned with the authorisation and the placing on the market of biocidal products. It attempts to establish a list of active substances that may be used in biocidal products within the EC. In order to assess which substances should be included in the list, a system of registration, authorisation and periodic evaluation is legislated with this Directive. Once approved, active substances will be incorporated into Annex I of the directive. The system of registration is created for active substances, which pose a low riskfor humans, animals and the environment and will be incorporated in Annex lA. In Annex I B so called basic substances such as are listed. For products of higher concern, usually not an active substance, an authorisation system is established, that includes the formulation of dossiers on these products which need to be submitted to the respective national authority. In Annex I B... 

This chapter will focus on (1) basic principles of search and seizure law (2) the balance between law enforcement s use of science and technological advances to the Fourth Amendment (3) when exploitation of technology should be governed by the Fourth Amendment constraints of unreasonable searches as it pertains to explosives and dangerous chemicals and (4) effect of the USA Patriot Act and related legislation on the Fourth Amendment. The question of what constitutionally determines a reasonable search is simple, its answer and application are not. 

In accordance with EEC ordinance no. 793/93 (existing substances ordinance) dated 1993, manufacturers and importers have to submit the available data for every substance listed in EINECS to the European Chemicals Bureau (ECB), if their production volume or import volume was in excess of 10 t/a in a predefined reference period. All in all, the industry has submitted data covering the basic data set of European chemicals legislation in only 14% of cases for high-volume existing substances (2500 substances > 1000 t/a) . Details concerning exposure were even more patchy. 

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