Legionella pneumonia

Thompson PR, DW Hughes, NP Cianciotto, GD Wright (1998) Spectinomycin kinase from Legionella pneumoniae. J Biol Chem 273 14788-14795. 

Most cases of Legionella pneumonia show improvement within 12-48 hours of starting antibiotic therapy. The antibiotic of choice has been erythromycin, sometimes paired with a second antibiotic, rifampin. Tetracycline, alone or with rifampin, is also used to treat Legionnaires disease, but has had more mixed success in comparison to erythromycin. Other antibiotics that have been used successfully to combat Legionella include doxycycline, clarithromycin, fluorinated quinolones, and trim ethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. 

Edelstein, Paul H., and Richard D. Meyer. Legionella Pneumonias. In Respiratory Infections Diagnosis and Management. 3rd ed. James E. Peimington, ed. New York Raven Press, Ltd., 1994. 

Bielecki JW, Avar S, Joss R. Salazopyrin-induzierte Lungeninfiltrate und Legionellenpneumonie. [Sulfasalazine-induced pulmonary infiltrates and Legionella pneumonia.] Schweiz Med Wochenschr 2000 130(29-30) 1078-83. 

Jung, R., Li, D. H., and Pendland, S. L. (2000). Intracellular activity of ABT-773 and other antimicrobial agents against Legionella pneumoniae isolates. Presented at 5th ICMAS-KO (Jan. 26-28, Seville). Poster No. 02.34. 

Tateda K, Moore TA, Newstead MW, Tsai WC, Zeng X, Deng JC, Chen G, Reddy R, Yamaguchi K, Standiford TJ Chemokine-dependent neutrophil recruitment in a murine model of Legionella pneumonia Potential role of neutrophils as immunoregulatory cells. Infect Immun 2001 69 2017. 

A case report describes 2 patients taking sirolimus who were also given erythromycin 1 g three times daily for suspected Legionella pneumonia. Despite reductions in the sirolimus dosage, the sirolimus levels of both patients rose fivefold. ... 

C. H. Heath, D. I. Groveand and D. F. Looke, Delay in appropriate therapy of Legionella pneumonia associated with increased mortality, Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 1996, 15, 286-290. 

In [315] is discussed the application of ozone as sterilizing agent in the pharmaceutical industry. Physiological solution (0.9% NaCl), pH = 7, is treated with oxygen-ozone mixture containing 15% ozone for 15 min. The solution is allocated to glass or polyethylene banks, which are sealed up. Analysis showed that after 2 h the microbe number was 0 and after 6 h the ozone was completely destroyed. Sterilization for 2 h with 0.5 ppm ozone caused a 100% lost of Legionella pneumoniae [278]. 

Macrophage inflammatoiy protein-2 (MIP-2) is a C-X-C chemokine that possesses potent neutrophilic chemotactic and activating properties (41). Recently, it has been shown that MIP-2 is an important component of the immune response to certain pulmonary infections. In murine Klebsiella pneumonia, the neutralization of MIP-2 in vivo results in impaired lung neutrophilic recruitment, bacterial clearance, and decreases in early but not long-term survival (42). In a murine model of Legionella pneumonia, the blockade of the CXC chemokine receptor-2 (CXCR-2), a common receptor for CXC chemokines, resulted in a 67% decrease in neutrophilic recruitment and markedly enhanced mortality (43). Further investigations of the role of MIP-2 and other chemokines in pulmonary infections are warranted. 

Legionella 0 Tt3 Legionnaire s Disease, commonly known as pneumonia Found naturally in water multiplies in heating systems... 

Legionella pneumophila (LD) Infections, particularly pneumonia, caused by inhaling Legionella pneumophila and other bacteria from the family Legionel-laceas in water droplets drifting from cooling towers, showers, etc. 

Streptococcus pneumoniae remains the commonest cause of pneumonia and responds well to penicillin. In addition, a number of atypical infections may cause pneumonia and include Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, psittacosis and occasionally Q fever. With psittacosis there may be a history of contact with parrots or budgerigars while Legionnaires disease has often been acquired during hotel holidays... 

Community Typical S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis Atypical M. pneumoniae, C. pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila... 

Patients admitted to the intensive-care unit (ICU) have severe pneumonia, and the etiology includes S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae as in the other categories however, the incidence of Legionella pneumophila increases in this setting and should be included in the organism differential. In addition, enteric gramnegative bacilli and S. aureus are more frequently the cause of the pneumonia. The recommendations are to treat with an... 

The vast majority of pneumonia cases acquired in the community by otherwise healthy adults are due to S. pneumoniae (pneumococcus) (up to 75% of all acute bacterial pneumonias in the United States). Other common bacterial causes include M. pneumoniae, Legionella, and C. pneumoniae, which are referred to as atypical pathogens. Community-acquired... 

If it is decided to treat an upper RTI in general 5-7 days treatment suffices. In lower RTI generally 10-14 days are recommended. Two to three weeks of treatment is advised for Staphylococcus aureus, Legionella pneumophila. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pneumocystis jiroveci (formerly carinii) and severe aspiration-pneumonia. Tuberculosis, actinomycosis, nocardiosis, aspergillosis, melioidosis and anaerobic lung abscesses require many months of treatment. 

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