Rice leaves

Leaf Miner (Hydrellia scapularis). The rice leaf miner (28) has caused damage to rice in California. Good control has been obtained by spraying fields with dieldrin at the rate of 0.5 pound per acre in 10 gallons of water. 

Field trapping studies indicated that -hexyl -hexanoate, E)-2-hexenyl -hexanoate, and -octyl w-butyrate were pheromone components of the rice leaf bug, Trigonotylus caelestialium, and mixtures in ratios of 1000 400 500 10—100 were attractive to males." ... 

The fungicidal activity of 1 //-pyrrolo[2,3-6]pyridine derivatives has been tested. The 3,3 -bis sulfide derivative (119) shows medium to high fungicidal activity, especially against rice blast and rice leaf spot damage <92BCJ2992>. 

Figure 9.154 Detection of CAT activity in transformed rice and petunia protoplasts by HPLC. (a) Petunia leaf, (b) Petunia cell suspension, (c) rice leaf, and (d) rice cell suspension protoplasts electroporated at 500, 625, 825, and 625 V with an 860 fiF capacitor, respectively. Protoplasts were transformed by electroporation with 20 figl mL pDW2. Protein extracts were prepared and used in a 200 /xL CAT reaction mixture. Typically 12 fig of crude protein was used per reaction except for rice cell suspension protoplasts, where 20 fig was used. Products were isolated and 1 to 5 fiL of purified products was injected on top of the column. Peaks C, chloramphenicol E, solvent peak, ethyl acetate M, 1- and 3-monoacetoxy chloramphenicol. (From Davis et al., 1992.)...

Figure 7. Reverse Phase (Cl8 Silica) HPLC Analysis of Whole Extract Obtained from Etiolated Rice Leaf Explants Fed with Tritiated Castasterone for 72 hr.

Target site resistance to OPs was first reported in 1964, 20 years after their introduction, in a spider mite (53) and subsequently in several insect species including the green rice leaf hopper (54), mosquitoes (5 ), house flies (56-58, and an armyworm (59). Target site resistance to the carbamates was first observed in 1971 (60). It is, today, a common form of resistance to these insecticides and always combined with metabolic resistance. 

However, the multiplicity of AChEs and the existence of several different insensitive isoenzymes exclude the automatic assumption that an OP resistant insect population has target site cross resistant to all other OPs and all carbamates. There is, in fact, a case where decreased affinity for one type of compounds is combined with increased sensitivity to inhibition by another type. In a population of the green rice leaf hopper resistant to N-methyl carbamates, the AChE has a 40-fold increased sensitivity to inhibition by N-propyl carbamates (67). This is a preciously rare case of negative target site cross resistance to insecticides, and it has not been commercially exploited. 

Deoxocastasterone, an important intermediate in this pathway, is usually contained in plant tissues at the highest level [28,50]. However, this BR and some other 6-deoxoBRs have been considered to be end-pathway BRs because these show very low biological activity when examined by the rice lamina inclination assay [28]. In this bioassay, brassinolide promotes the bending of rice leaf joints at as low as 0.1 nM. Nonetheless... 

Imidacloprid (1) provides additional control of Cokopteran spp. (e.g., rice water and tobacco weevil, Colorado potato beetle, rice leaf beetle, wrreworms, grubs and other soil beetles) and Dipterans spp. (e.g., fruit fly, beet fly, bean and onion fly) and of selected micro-lepidopteran species (e.g., citrus, apple and potato leaf miner), ants Hymenoptera spp.), termites Isoptera spp.), cockroaches, grasshoppers and crickets Orthoptera spp.) [53]. 

From Table 2, it seems that the stage of leaf development influences more than just total rubisco activity. The basal section of the rice leaf, which was nearest the meristem, had the lowest total rubisco activity, and the least dark inhibition. Total rubisco activity, and the... 

The rice leaf binding component, prodnced in aerobic cnltures of the strain Claviceps purpurea ATCC 9605 or of a number of other microorganisms (Oishi et al., 1984), can be used to increase the rice crop. The active component increases the yield and shortens the production period. Also other metabolites of Claviceps can find application in agriculture practice. Patent of Dowd et al. (1988) describes the use of tremorgenic mycotoxins as insecticides against corn earworm and fall armyworm. Gubanski and Lowkis (1964) have demonstrated the inhibition of the tobacco mosaic virus by a substance isolated from C. purpurea. 

The fresh rice leaf was observed with a magnification of lOOOx, and the corresponding SEM micrograph of Fig. 21(a) shows the adaxial epidermis of the leaf. 

Fig. 21. (a) SEM micrograph of the adaxial surface from a fresh rice leaf, observed with... 

Fig. 18.8 (a) Optical photo of a water droplet floating on a rice leaf (b) SEM image of rice leaf, (c) Optical micrograph of a glass slide covered by a low density of aligned PAN electrospun fibers. Insets show the photos of the droplet on the surface coated with polymerized perfluoroalkyl ethyl methacrylate taken from directions 1 and 2 [17]... 

Bixler, G.D., Bhushan, B., 2012. Bioinspited rice leaf and butterfly wing surface structures combining shark skin and lotus effects. Soft Matter 8,11271. 

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