Lead, health effects

Site has information on lead health effects and lead abatement. 

U.S. EPA, Health Effects of Lead, fact sheet. Available at http //www.epa.gov/dclead/EPA Lead Health Effects FINAL%20 l2.pdf (accessed September 2004). 

Table III - Lead Health Effects. High Exposure All Effects Vary Greatly with the Individual...

Lead health effects for high level exposure (Boreiko, 2000 Wilson, 2000). 

For an excellent, comprehensive review of the chemistry, environmental, and anthropogenic release, environmental fate, and environmental and human health effects of lead, see Air Quality Criteria for Eead, Vol. I—IV, EPA-600/8-83/028a-dF, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., June 1986, -Msd Air Quality Criteria for Eead Supplement to the 1986 Addendum, EPA-600/8-89/049F, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., Aug. 1990. 

There is no criterion for lead, due to the chronic nature of the health effects of concern. 

Summary of Lowest Observed Effect Levels for Key Lead-Induced Health Effects in Adults... 

Lead Combustion of leaded petrol Solder, lead-containing paint Lead smelting Adverse health effects... 

Chapter 6 was concerned, with determining the probability of various failures leading to insufficient core cooling of a nuclear reactor. This chapter describes how the accident effects are calculated as the accident progresses from radionuclide release, radionuclide migration within the plant, escape from retaining structures, atmospheric radionuclide transport and the public health effects. 

Th ese incidents compelled the U.S. Surgeon General to investigate the health effects of TEL. The industry itself moved rapidly to deal with the crisis by instituting a series of safety measures. Now, ethyl fluid was blended at distribution centers and not at seiMce stations (it had been done on the spot and increased the chances of lead poisoning to seiMce sta-... 

In a clean troposphere, ozone would react with NO molecules, resulting in no net generation of ozone. However, in a dirty atmosphere, excess ozone is generated, thereby resulting in the formation of an oxidant which can lead to health effects, an especially hazardous condition for children and the elders who suffer from asthma and other respiratory challenges. 

For two decades, the Ethyl Corporation had controlled the worldwide market for the tetraethyl lead additive discovered by Thomas Midgley, Jr. (Chapter 6). Ethyl s 2 million annual advertising budget identified tetraethyl lead with baseball, football, and the American Way of Life. The company funded almost all the research about tetraethyl lead s effect on human health. As a result, research on tetraethyl lead had focused on safety in the factory workplace rather than on the health of the general population. 

It is presumed that the effect of carcinogenic materials is to produce critical cell damage. Thus, carcinogenic health effects models generally are dose (i.e., integrated exposure) models, not exposure models. The lack of firm statistical bases often leads to the adoption of nonthreshold, linear models, even though thresholds and nonlinear effects might be expected. 

If linear (dose) models without thresholds are to be used for carcinogen (or other) risk assessment, estimation of exposure at specified levels becomes irrelevant to risk assessment or, at least, its use is nonintuitive. For example, a carcinogen risk analysis may be based on a linear, nonthreshold health effects model. The total health risk would thus be proportional to the long-term exposure summed for all affected people for the identified period, and exposure of many people at low concentrations would be equivalent to exposure of a few to high concentrations. The atmospheric dispersion that reduces concentrations would also lead to exposure of more people therefore, increments... 

Rosenblatt, D.H. Dacre, J.C. Cogley, D.R. "An Environmental Fate Model Leading to Preliminary Pollutant Limit Values for Human Health Effects," Technical Report 8005, U.S. Army Medical Bioengineering Research and Development Laboratory, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 1980, AD B049917L. 

Human illness, as a result of microbial infection, is an ever-increasing public health crisis. Children often represent the most at-risk population. Worldwide every year billions of cases of microbial infection occur and millions of deaths can be directly attributed to microbial pathogens.1 The Centers for Disease Control estimates that microbial infections are the fourth leading cause of death in the United States, with approximately 75,000 deaths attributable to microbial pathogens annually.2 Not only are there serious physical health effects associated with microbial infections, but the cost of health care associated with microbial infections is shocking. For example, in the United States alone, upper respiratory tract infections in children under the age of 15 account for more than 50 million visits to a doctor s office each year.3... 

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