Lead-add battery

C—Lead Lead anode Lead oxide Secondary Lead—add batteries used for starting, lighting, and ignition (SLI)... 

The Kudo Cruise Car comes in 2,4,6,8,11 and 14 seat models. The six-seat model has a 7 hp motor with a range of about 50 miles and a maximum speed of 25 mph. It uses 8 standard lead / add batteries and has a 880W solar panel. 

Nevco s Gizmo has a top speed of 40 mph with a motor 12 peak HP series DC motor and deepcycle lead add batteries for a 48V electrical system. A fiberglass body is used with hydraulic disc brakes. The range is 45 miles per charge. The base configuration with the 45 mile battery pack is 8,650. 

India s Reva EV can travel at about 35 mph. The power system is eight 6-volt EV type lead add batteries. The dent-proof body panels are made of high impad ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene). It has side impact beams and electronic regenerative braking. The suspension is McPherson struts in front and coil springs in the rear. It is a two-door hatchback that... 

Material Fabrication and Manufacturing Processes The lead-add battery is comprised of three primary components the element, the container, and the electrolyte. The element consists of positive and negative plates connected in parallel and electrically insulating separators between them. The container is the package which holds the clcctrochcmically active ingredients and houses the external connections or terminals of the batteiv. The electrolyte, which is the liquid active material and ionic conductor, is an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid (see Fig. 1). 

H. Bode, Lead—Add Batteries (translated by R. J. Brodd and K. V. Kordesch), John Wiley Sons, Inc., New York, 1977. 

R.D. Prengaman, Proc. 4th International Lead-Add Battery Seminar, 25-27 April, 1990, San Francisco, CA, USA, International Lead Zinc Research Organization, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA, 1990, pp. 19-30. 

Central Laboratory for Electrochemical Power Sources, Bulgaria, S.E.A. Tudor, Politecnico di T orino, BritejEuram Project BE97—4085, Task 3 Improvements in negative plate performance. Annual Report 1 January 1999 to 31 December 1999, Advanced Lead-Add Battery Consortium, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA, 2000. 

Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved Valve-Regulated Lead-Add Batteries D.A.J. Rand et al., editors... 

The second concern is the mass of the flooded lead-add battery. With weight being a key worry in almost all vehicle programmes, opportunities for mass reduction are encouraged and it could be presumed that a 10 kg reduction for VRLA over flooded lead-acid will be readily accepted. 

Prior to leaving the manufacturing plant, all lead-add batteries should be labelled (Fig. 16.3) in accordance with prevailing national and international [8] regulations and with the international recycling symbol ISO 7000 1135, better known as the Moebius loop. Furthermore, there should be instructions for the recycling of the battery or a point of contact clearly displayed when it is at the end of its useful life. Each label should state, lead-acid battery , Pb or the words LEAD , RETURN and RECYCLE . If possible, the label should also have a bar code which contains information about the place of manufacture, the date of production, the battery type, and its components. 

In summary, the lead add battery developed over decades for SLI duty must be modified significantly in order to provide the power capability demanded by future automobile electrical systems, and to be able to sustain this function for an adequate service-life. The key objective is to overcome the processes that give... 

Figure 20.11 The lead-add battery used In automobiles discharges when It starts the car and charges when the engine is running. 

Lead-Add Batteries Science and Techncdc. DOI 10.101ti/B978-0-444-528 7.10010-2... 

Lead-Add Batteries Sdence and Technology. DOI 10.1016/B978-0-444-528S2-7.10011-4 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

Su Yun 2009. Research of mine-used lead-add battery fast-charging device [D]. Anhui University of Science Technology. 

A major advantage of the lead-add battery is that it can be recharged. During recharging, an external source of energy is used to reverse the direction of the cell reaction, regenerating Pb(s) and Pb02(s) ... 

Both carbon fiber/lead and alumina/lead composites have been utilized for the fabrication of electrodes in lead add batteries with a significant weight reduction. For example, reinforcing lead unidirectionally with 25 vol.% of a-alumina fibers increases the matrix stiffness by a factor of 20 and reduces the electrical conductivity only slightly. Due to the stiffening effect of the fibers, pure lead can be used instead of a complex alloy, thus reducing the cost of the matrix and improving its corrosion resistance [49]. 

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