Layout Analysis

5 Other Aspects Affecting Room Layout 10.4.5.1 Layout Analysis 

Layout analysis has been proposed by Stanton and Young (1999) and Stanton, Salmon, Walker, Baber, and Jenkins (2005) as an approach to evaluate existing designs 

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Simon, A. and Johnson, A.P. 1997. Recent advances in the CliDE project logical layout analysis of chemical documents. Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Science, 37 109-116. 

Ittner, D. J., and H. S. Baird. 1993. Language-free layout analysis. Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. on Anal, and Recogn. (ICDAR 93), pp. 331-340. 

O Gorman, L., and R. Kasturi. 1993. The document spectrum for page layout analysis. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 15(11) 1162—1173. 

Saitoh, T., T. Yamaai, and M. Tachikawa. 1994. Document image segmentation and layout analysis. IEICE Trans. Inf. Systems 77(7) 778-784. 

To find a polynomial that fits the data, first highlight the x-y data. Then go to the Excel tool bar and click on Layout Analysis Trendline More Trendline Options. Choose polynomial as type and in the menu select the desired order of the polynomial. (You can try different orders to find which has the best fit.) Make sure the boxes Display Equation on Chart and Set intercept = 0 are checked. Then click Close. 

Figure 10.8 shows a layout analysis of the control room. Functions have been allocated to operations engineers, supervision, hot desks, and the production and storage of documentation. The current layout shows that the components are grouped functionally. There are two meeting desks, one for each side of the room. Provision for day working is at one end of the room, facing away from the system overview display. 

The first five methods are apphcable only after rigorous circuit analysis and when piping layouts and isometric drawings or scale models are available for quantity takeoff (e.g., pipe size, length, and specification, flanges and valve count, etc.). 

Unit layout as installed is the next step of preparation. This may take some effort if analysts have not been involvea with the unit prior to the plant-performance analysis. The equipment in the plant should correspond to that shown on the PFDs and P IDs. Wmere differences are found, analysts must seek explanations. While a hne-by-line trace is not required, details of the equipment installation and condition must be understood. It is particularly useful to correlate the sample and measurement locations and the bypasses shown on the P IDs to those ac tuaUy piped in the unit. Gas vents and liquid (particularly water-phase) discharges may have been added to the unit based on operating experience out not shown on the P IDs. While these flows may ultimately be small within the context of plant-performance an ysis, they may have sufficient impact to alter conclusions regarding trace component flows, particularly those that have a tendency to build in a process. 

Hazard analysis (HAZAN) is a quantitative way of assessing the likelihood of failure. Other names associated with this technique are risk analysis, quantitative risk assessment (QRA), and probability risk assessment (PRA). Keltz [44] expressed the view that HAZAN is a selective technique while HAZOP can be readily applied to new design and major modification. Some limitations of HAZOP are its inability to detect every weakness in design such as in plant layout, or miss hazards due to leaks on lines that pass through or close to a unit but cany material that is not used on that unit. In any case, hazards should... 

Even, limited PSAs use and contain much information. This information may come as memos and process reports and flow sheets, equipment layout, system descriptions, toxic inventory, hazardous chemical reactions, test, maintenance and operating descriptions. From this, data and analyses are prepared regarding release quantities, doses, equipment reliability, probability of exposure, and the risk to workers, public, and environment. An executive summary analysis is detailed, and recommendations made for risk reduction. Thus the information will be text, calculations of envelope fracture stresses, temperatures, fire propagation, air dispersion, doses, and failure probabilities - primarily in tabular form. 

It should be obvious from this discussion that the technique of creating a hazard tree is somewhat subjective. Different evaluators will likely classify conditions and sources differently and may carry the analysis lo further levels of sources. However, the conclusions reached concerning building design, maintenance, layout of traffic patterns, lighting, ok., should be the same. The purpose of developing the hazard tree is to l ocus attention and help the evaluator identify all aspects that must be considered in reviewing overall levels of safety. 

System description is tlie compilation of tlie process/plant information needed for tlie risk analysis. For e. ample, site locations, environs, weatlier data, process flow diagrams (PFDs), piping an instnmientation diagrams (P IDs), layout drawings, operating and maintenance procedures, technology documentation, process chemistry, and tliermophysical property data may be required. 

Although it is not the intent of this chapter to delve into pipe stress and vibration analysis, a few alerting comments appear to he in order. From this, the design engineer should he ahle to seek the proper qualified technical help to analyze the stresses associated with the piping layout. 

The above methods allow proposed layouts to be visualized, analyzed and altered. These methods are often a try-it-and-see process, and the associated analysis is rarely structured. The old saying that Tf it looks right, it is right is often used to justify results, but it may be more true to say that if it looks right it is conventional, and the analysis method will rarely produce something original. This applies, of course, to any design activity, whether it is a plant layout, a piece of machinery or a consumer product. 

Develop necessary process and design information (Section 3.1). The first step in the analysis is to obtain necessary information in sufficient detail to support the type of evaluation being performed. This can include information about the materials being handled, the process conditions, and other site-specific information such as the type of building construction, occupancy, plant layout, and equipment location. 

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