Lattice defects linear

Therefore, in most cases the scanning force microscope gives a lattice image similar to diffraction techniques. Visualisation of non-periodic structures or lattice defects, which means the true atomic resolution is exceptional and practically not attainable for polymers [58,236,246]. The smallest defects observed by conventional SFM are linear dislocations whose lengths exceed the contact diameter [247-249]. To approach the true atomic resolution, the aperture must be decreased as far as possible by using sharper tips and operating at lowest measurable forces to minimise the contact area. For example, to achieve the contact... 

Two series of sulfides obtained in this manner were prepared they are differentiated only by the temperatures of preparation, 1000° and 800° C. The experimental results are collected in Table I. Lattice constants and density increase linearly with a decreasing S/Ti ratio (Figures 3 and 4). Calculating the mass of the unit cell and studying its variation as a function of composition indicate the nature of the lattice defects responsible for the variations from stoichiometry ... 

Studies of the concentration of NJ in KN3 as a function of UV irradiation time at 77°K show an initial quadratic dependence followed by a linear region and subsequent saturation [30, 31]. The saturation indicates that impurities or lattice defects, present in limited amounts, are required for the formation of NJ. 

Bruggemann (1988), using the linear traverse technique for phase abundance, demonstrated that small, lattice defective, alite crystals produced in kilns with steep temperature profiles and short residence times improve grindability and cement quality. Ono s method, utilizing only a few crystals in a powder mount, was said to give doubtful results. ... 

Extended defects, on the other hand, correspond to structural imperfections in the assembly of either lattice planes (planar defects), as stacking faults in layer structures, or lattice directions (linear defects), as dislocations. 

The defects in solids can be classified according to the dimensions of the region of translation symmetry disruption. When one or a few nearest host crystal sites are disturbed, we speak of point (zero-dimensional) defects, called also local defects. Also known are extended defects that introduce structural imperfections in lattice directions - linear (one-dimensional) defects or in the lattice planes planar or two-dimensional defects). The surface of a crystal and dislocations are the important examples of two-dimensional and linear defects, respectively. 

However, very often there are deviations from this linearity due to a shift of the position of the band edges under illumination or as a consequence of the reaction with the redox system In order to prevent corrosion, compound semiconductors have often been employed in a saturated solution of their ionic components like sulfides in sulfide solutions with the redox system polysulfide/sul-fide or selenides in the redox system polyselenide/selenide. However, it was found that even under these conditions the crystalline semiconductors can decompose and are transformed either into a surface with numerous lattice defects or into a different polycrystalline material. 

However, real solids are more complex. In the common case where the concentration of the diffusant is much higher than that of vacant sites, one must consider vacancies as the diffusing entities, in a similar fashion to the hole formalism used in semiconductors. More generally, the concentration to be used is that of the diffusing lattice defects, e.g. vacancies, interstitial ions, etc. The result is still of the Arrhenius form, however, and plots of In(crr) vs. l/T are linear with a slope of — EJkT. Consequently, the requirement for high mobility is simply a low activation energy, as expected for an open structure. 

On the other hand, the formation of the high pressure phase is preceded by the passage of the first plastic wave. Its shock front is a surface on which point, linear and two-dimensional defects, which become crystallization centers at super-critical pressures, are produced in abundance. Apparently, the phase transitions in shock waves are always similar in type to martensite transitions. The rapid transition of one type of lattice into another is facilitated by nondilTusion martensite rearrangements they are based on the cooperative motion of many atoms to small distances. ... 

Conventional physical descriptions of materials in the solid state are concerned with solids in which properties are controlled or substantially influenced by the crystal lattice. When defects are treated in typical solid state studies, they are considered to modify and cause local perturbations to bonding controlled by lattice properties. In these cases, defect concentrations are typically low and usually characterized as either point, linear, or higher-order defects, which are seldom encountered together. 

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