Learned fears

Sensitization is basically the opposite of habituation it is learned fear. If you are walking alone in the dark and hear a gun go off, you are likely to react in an exaggerated manner to other stimuli, say a stranger tapping you on the shoulder. That... 

Shimizu E, Tang YP, Rampon C, Tsien JZ (2000) NMDA receptor-dependent synaptic reinforcement as a crucial process for memory consolidation. Science 290 1170-1174 Shobe J (2002) The role of PKA, CaMKll, and PKC in avoidance conditioning permissive or instructive Neimobiol Learn Mem 77 291-312 Shimiyatsky GP, Tsvetkov E, Malleret G, Vronskaya S, Hatton M, Hampton L, Battey JF, Dulac C, Kandel ER, Bolshakov VY (2002) Identification of a signaling network in lateral nucleus of amygdala important for inhibiting memory specifically related to learned fear. Cell 111 905-918... 

During the expression of fear-related behaviors, the LA engages the central nucleus of the amygdala (CEA), which, as the principal output nucleus, projects to areas of the hypothalamus and brain stem that mediate the autonomic, endocrine, and behavioral responses associated with fear and anxiety (Schafe et al. 2001). The molecular and cellular mechanisms that underlie synaptic plasticity in amygdala-dependent learned fear is an area of very active investigation (Shumyatsky et al. 2002). Long-term potentiation (LTP) in the LA appears to be a critical mechanism for storing memories of the CS-US associa-... 

When the CS is presented repeatedly in the absence of the US, a reduction in the condition fear response occurs. This process is called extinction. It forms the basis for exposure-based psychotherapies for the treatment of anxiety disorders characterized by exaggerated fear responses. Individuals who show an abihty to quickly attenuate learned fear through a powerful and efficient extinction processes are hkely to fimction more effectively under dangerous conditions. 

Herry C, Garcia R (2002) Prefrontal cortex long-term potentiation but not long-term depression is associated with maintenance of extinction of learned fear in mice. J Neurosci 22 577-583... 

Shumyatsky G, Tsvetkov E, Malleret G, Vronskaya S, Horton M, Hampton L, Battey JF, Dulac C, Kandel ER, Bolshakov VY (2002) Identification of a signaling network in lateral nucleus of amygdala important for inhibiting memory specifically related to learned fear. Cell 111 905-918... 

Moriceau, S., and Sullivan, R. M. (2006). Maternal presence serves as a switch between learning fear and attraction in infancy. Nat. Neurosci. 9, 1004-1006. 

Levita L, Dailey JW, Robbins TW (2002) Nucleus accumbens and learned fear revisited a review and some new findings. Behav Brain Res, in press. 

AD were compared over learning, fear learning task, reversal Crt O... 

The process of nuclear fission was discovered more than half a century ago in 1938 by Lise Meitner (1878-1968) and Otto Hahn (1879-1968) in Germany. With the outbreak of World War II a year later, interest focused on the enormous amount of energy released in the process. At Los Alamos, in the mountains of New Mexico, a group of scientists led by J. Robert Oppenheimer (1904-1967) worked feverishly to produce the fission, or atomic, bomb. Many of the members of this group were exiles from Nazi Germany. They were spurred on by the fear that Hitler would obtain the bomb first Their work led to the explosion of the first atomic bomb in the New Mexico desert at 5 30 a.m. on July 16,1945. Less than a month later (August 6,1945), the world learned of this new weapon when another bomb was exploded... 

Maier, SF (1993) Learned helplessness, relationships with fear and anxiety. In Stress from Synapse to Syndrome (Eds Stanford, SC and Salmon, P), Academic Press, London and New York, pp. 207-243. 

Develop a good working alliance with the patient. When a solid therapeutic foundation is not formed, patients are frequently reluctant to share their psychotic experiences. Frequently, patients fear that others will interpret their descriptions as crazy. Alternatively, some care providers have told patients to keep their beliefs to themselves, as a way to cope with their illness in the community. In these instances, it may take time to gain the patient s trust and to learn enough... 

A drop of wine runs from the corner of my mouth and falls onto the pillow. I wipe it away. And today I learned how right I was to fear for Edward. Did they tell you that Richard has thrust him aside Stephen is silent. It must be for his allegiance s sake he is Richard s man, after all, wears his boar badge as well as his own master s, as so many do. Or maybe he does not understand. I would have wished they had kept it from me, except that there are still a few hours left to pray for Edward. Not for his rule, now. For his life. ... 

In the vertebrate CNS monoamines have been associated with a number of physiological functions (reviewed in Kandel et al., 1991). Serotonin has functions associated with mood, pain, sleep, learning, and memory. Dopamine has functions associated with schizophrenia, Parkinson s disease, and cocaine addiction. In vertebrates, dopamine is further metabolized into two additional neurotransmitters, norepinephrine and epinephrine. Norepinephrine increases the excitability of cells in response to sudden sensory input such as fear. Epinephrine has been identified in specific neurons of the brain, but the function of these cells is unknown. In addition, AADC has also been found in a class of neurons that do not have any of the four neurotransmitters discussed above (Jaeger et al., 1983). These neurons may use one of the trace amines, tyramine, tryptamine, or phenylethylamine, as a neurotransmitter. 

The acquired or conditioned salivary reflex is elicited in response to the thought, sight, smell, or sound of food. As demonstrated with Pavlov s dog, these stimuli result in a learned response. Another stimulus that enhances salivation is nausea. Salivary secretion is inhibited by fatigue, sleep, fear, and dehydration. Overall, 1 to 2 1 of saliva may be produced per day. 

When I first started to meditate, thirty years ago, it hurt physically and mentally. That is the very time when it is important to continue. I ve had to learn to move through those feelings and to face the emotions inside. I have to pay close attention to thoughts about anger and fear. Beyond those feelings I find a joyful spirit there. I m really glad I ve gone within to find that. 

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