Latent needs

To paraphrase Tizzard, the secret of innovation in the chemical industry is to ask the right questions, and it is the choice of the right market opportunity more than anything else that drives the speed of innovation. Identifying the unmet or latent needs in the marketplace and then bringing the full power of basic or fundamental research to bear on the specific opportunity delivers results. 

The job of a marketer (and the job of a health care professional as well) is not only to understand and respond to people s expressed needs but also to help customers learn more about what they need and want. In essence, marketers also must understand and respond to people s latentne ls. Narver, Slater, and MacLachlan (2004) call the former a responsive market orientation and the later a proactive market orientation. Marketers do not create needs, but they do help consumers to understand their latent needs and to translate needs into wants. An understanding of this issue is helpful in explaining pharmacy s current experiences with patient-centered services. 

Managing an organization responsibly is not in itself complex or entirely new. For centuries smart managers have recognized that employees are more productive when they are treated with respect, and valued and rewarded for what they know. Successful companies recognize that before they can deliver reliable high-quality product or service they must spend time with their customers to understand their known and, more importantly, latent needs. 

The inclusion of external use/need knowledge is also one of the main issues of marketing science (Hauser et al. 2006), and remains a remarkable challenge for research and practice (Marketing Science Institute 2010). This task can be attributed to marketing research in organizations (McDaniel and Gates 2008). Many different methods have been developed to assess customer needs, which can be broadly divided Into quantitative (conjoint analysis, quality function deployment) and qualitative techniques (focus interviews, consumer workshops). All of these methods rely on the assumption that users or consumers have the ability to articulate or express their needs. Yet this is only possible for those needs, of which customers are aware themselves. Latent needs, which are crucial for the development of new product, cannot be acquired via these techniques, as they cannot be made explicit by users (Narver et al. 2004). 

It seems appropriate to examine first the traditional clothing functions in order to be able to detect the latent needs that could be met by the addition of intelligent and communicative functions. They may be summarized into three main areas protection, extension of oneself and organization of personal space. 

Single-stage evaporators tend only to be used when the capacity needed is small. It is more usual to employ multistage systems which recover and reuse the latent heat of the vaporized material. Three... 

On compression, a gaseous phase may condense to a liquid-expanded, L phase via a first-order transition. This transition is difficult to study experimentally because of the small film pressures involved and the need to avoid any impurities [76,193]. There is ample evidence that the transition is clearly first-order there are discontinuities in v-a plots, a latent heat of vaporization associated with the transition and two coexisting phases can be seen. Also, fluctuations in the surface potential [194] in the two phase region indicate two-phase coexistence. The general situation is reminiscent of three-dimensional vapor-liquid condensation and can be treated by the two-dimensional van der Waals equation (Eq. Ill-104) [195] or statistical mechanical models [191]. 

The abihty to accept and hold the electrostatic charge in the darkness. The photoconductive layer should support a surface charge density of approximately 0.5-2 x 10 C/cm. The charge also has to be uniformly distributed along the surface, otherwise nonuniformities can print out as spot defects. The appHed surface potential should be retained on the photoreceptor until the time when the latent electrostatic image is developed and transferred to paper or, if needed, to an intermediate belt or dmm. In other words, the "dark decay" or conductivity in the dark must be very low. The photoconductor materials must be insulators in the dark. 

Values for many properties can be determined using reference substances, including density, surface tension, viscosity, partition coefficient, solubihty, diffusion coefficient, vapor pressure, latent heat, critical properties, entropies of vaporization, heats of solution, coUigative properties, and activity coefficients. Table 1 Hsts the equations needed for determining these properties. 

Single-Effect Evaporators The heat requirements of a singleeffect continuous evaporator can be calculated by the usual methods of stoichiometry. If enthalpy data or specific heat and heat-of-solution data are not available, the heat requirement can be estimated as the sum of the heat needed to raise the feed from feed to product temperature and the heat required to evaporate the water. The latent heat of water is taken at the vapor-head pressure instead of at the product temperature in order to compensate partiaUv for any heat of solution. If sufficient vapor-pressure data are available for the solution, methods are available to calculate the true latent heat from the slope of the Diihriugliue [Othmer, Ind. Eng. Chem., 32, 841 (1940)]. 

The cloudiness of ordinary ice cubes is caused by thousands of tiny air bubbles. Air dissolves in water, and tap water at 10°C can - and usually does - contain 0.0030 wt% of air. In order to follow what this air does when we make an ice cube, we need to look at the phase diagram for the HjO-air system (Fig. 4.9). As we cool our liquid solution of water -i- air the first change takes place at about -0.002°C when the composition line hits the liquidus line. At this temperature ice crystals will begin to form and, as the temperature is lowered still further, they will grow. By the time we reach the eutectic three-phase horizontal at -0.0024°C we will have 20 wt% ice (called primary ice) in our two-phase mixture, leaving 80 wt% liquid (Fig. 4.9). This liquid will contain the maximum possible amount of dissolved air (0.0038 wt%). As latent heat of freezing is removed at -0.0024°C the three-phase eutectic reaction of... 

In chemicals like salol the molecules are elongated (non-spherical) and a lot of energy is needed to rotate the randomly arranged liquid molecules into the specific orientations that they take up in the crystalline solid. Then q is large, is small, and the interface is very sluggish. There is plenty of time for latent heat to flow away from the interface, and its temperature is hardly affected. The solidification of salol is therefore interface controlled the process is governed almost entirely by the kinetics of molecular diffusion at the interface. 

There are two work terms to consider when a nucleus forms from the liquid. Equations (6.1) and (6.2) show that work of the type AH (T, - T)/T, is available to help the nucleus form. If AH is expressed as the latent heat given out when unit volume of the solid forms, then the total available energy is (4/3)ot AH (T, - T)/T, . But this is offset by the work 4 rr ysL needed to create the solid-liquid interface around the crystal. The net work needed to form the crystal is then... 

Extrusion blow moulding of bottles has been successfully accomplished in reeent years by attention to the points mentioned above. It is to be noted here that UP VC has a much lower average specific heat between the proeessing temperature and room temperature than polyethylene and, being essentially amorphous, no latent heat of fusion. This leads to much less heat needing to be removed on cooling of mouldings and very short cycle times are possible. 

The physics underlying Eqs. (74-76) is quite simple. A solidifying front releases latent heat which diffuses away as expressed by Eq. (74) the need for heat conservation at the interface gives Eq. (75) Eq. (76) is the local equilibrium condition at the interface which takes into account the Gibbs-Thomson correction (see Eq. (54)) K is the two-dimensional curvature and d Q) is the so-called anisotropic capillary length with an assumed fourfold symmetry. 

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