Laser scans

Kapitza H G 1996 Confocal laser scanning microscopy for optical measurement of the microstructure of surfaces and layers Tech. Mess. 63 136-41... 

Schroth D 1997 The confocal laser scanning microscopy. A new tool in materials testing Matehalpruefung 39 264 Chestnut M H 1997 Confocal microscopy of colloids Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sc/. 2 158-61... 

Ribbe A E 1997 Laser scanning confocal microscopy in polymer science Trends Polym. Sc/. 5 333-7 Oliveira M J and Hemsiey D A 1996 Optical microscopy of polymers Sonderb. Prakt. Metallogr. 27 13-22 Nie Sh and Zare R N 1997 Optical detection of single molecules Ann. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. 26 567-96 Masters B R 1994 Confocal redox imaging of cells Adv. Mol. Cell Biol. 8 1-19... 

Bhawalkar J D, Swiatkiewicz J, Pan S J, Samarabandu J K, Liou W S, He G S, Berezney R, Cheng P C and Prasad P N 1996 Three-dimensional laser scanning two-photon fluorescence confocal microscopy of polymer materials using a new, efficient upconverting fluorophore Scanning 18 562-6... 

Wokosin D L and White J G 1997 Optimization of the design of a multiple-photon excitation laser scanning fluorescence imaging system Proc. SPIE 2984 25-9... 

Wolleschensky R, Feurer T, Sauerbrey R and Simon U 1998 Characterization and optimization of a laser-scanning microscope in the femtosecond regime Appl. Phys. B 67 87-94... 

Vacha M, Yokoyama N, Tokizaki T, Furuki M and Tani T 1999 Laser scanning microscope for low temperature single molecule and microscale spectroscopy based on gradient index optics Rev. Sc/. Instrum. 70 2041-5... 

Strickler J FI and Webb W W 1990 Two-photon excitation in laser scanning fluorescence microscopy Proc. SPIE 13948107-18... 

There are also laser-scanning confocal microscopes rapidly overtaking the TSM as a means of confocal microscopy. There is also a computer software program that produces a "confocal" image by recogni2ing the shapes of out-of-focus detail, ie, halos, and subtracting these from the in-focus image. 

The classical polarizing light microscope as developed 150 years ago is still the most versatile, least expensive analytical instrument in the hands of an experienced microscopist. Its limitations in terms of resolving power, depth of field, and contrast have been reduced in the last decade, in which we have witnessed a revolution in its evolution. Video microscopy has increased contrast electronically, and thereby revealed structures never before seen. With computer enhancement, unheard of resolutions are possible. There are daily developments in the X-ray, holographic, acoustic, confocal laser scanning, and scanning tunneling micro-... 

FIG. 7 Confocal laser scanning microscopy image of a fonr-layer polyelectrolyte/CdTe(S) nanocrystal shell assembled on 1.5-p,m-diameter ME particles. The polyelectrolyte film consists of two bUayers of PAH and PSS. (From Ref. 76.)... 

FIG. 9 Confocal laser scanning micrograph of a hollow polymer capsule. The polymer capsule was obtained from polymer multilayer-templated FDA microcrystals after removal of the colloidal core. The FDA microcrystals were coated with SDS and 11 polyelectrolyte layers [(PAH/PSS)3/PAH/ (PSS/PAH-FITC)2]. (PAH-FITC = PAH labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate.) The microcrystal core was removed by exposure of the coated microcrystals to ethanol, causing solubilization of FDA. 

Reductionism is the direction that unites those guys who try to dissemble the parts of a biological system, and put them under a microscope (a laser-scanning quantum-leaping one, of course) to see the sparks of imagination hidden in the least of the components. The under-the-bonnet view, to stay with the Martian s analogy. 

W. W. (1990) Two-photon laser scanning fluorescence microscopy. Science, 248, 73-76. 

J. Bloem, M. Veningra, and J. Shepherd, Fully automatic determination of soil bacterium numbers, cell volumes, and frequencies of dividing cells by confocal laser-scanning microscopy and image-analysis, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61 926... 

Takami S., Getchell M. and Getchell T. (1995). Resolution of sensory and mucoid glycoconjugates with terminal O-galactose residues in the mucomicrovillar complex of the vomeronasal sensory epithelium by dual confocal laser-scanning microscopy. Cell Tiss Res 280, 211-216. 

Karuna, R. and Sashidhar, R. B., Use of ion-exchange chromatography coupled with TLC-laser scanning densitometry for the quantitation of fumonisin Bl,... 

CLSM Confocal laser scanning microscopy (see LSCM)... 

Spengler and Hubert (2002) describe a confocal laser scanning microscope used in conjunction with a TOF mass spectrometer, and also possessing ion imaging... 

The output of a Nd YLF laser is focussed by a series of lenses to a spot size of 0.5 pm upon a sample which may be positioned by an x-y-z stepping motor stage and scanned by a computer-controlled high frequency x-y-z piezo stage. Ions are accelerated and transmitted through the central bore of the objective into a time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometer. The laser scans an area of 100 x 100 pm with a minimum step size of 0.25 pm. TOF mass spectra of each pixel are evaluated with respect to several ion signals and transformed into two-dimensional ion distribution plots. 

Figure 4. DDC (A), serotonin (B), and tyrosine hydroxylase (C) immunore-activity in the posterior region of a wild-type Drosophila ventral ganglion. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) encodes the rate-limiting step in dopamine biosynthesis and is a marker for dopamine cells. B and C are the same CNS assayed for both serotonin and TH. M, medial dopamine neurons VL, ventrolateral serotonin neurons DL, dorsolateral dopamine neurons. Short unmarked arrows in C show vacuolated cells that do not contain DDC immunoreactivity. The immunoreactivity in these cells may represent a nonspecific cross-reactivity of the rat TH antibody. The length bar in A is 50 pM. The images are confocal projections generated on a Molecular Dynamics-2000 confocal laser scanning microscope.

Lacerda, L. et al. (2007) Intracellular trafficking of carbon nanotubes by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Advanced Materials, 19 (11),... 

Homeffer V, Forsmann A, Strupat K et al (2001) Localization of analyte molecules in MALDI preparations by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Anal Chem 73 1016-1022... 

Azuma, H., Otagiri, M., Effects of absorption enhancers on the transport of model compounds in Caco-2 cell monolayers assessment by confocal laser scanning microscopy, J. Pharm. Sci. 1997, 86, 779-785. 

The Microtrac-XlOO (a laser particle size analyzer) was used to determine the size distribution of the powder. The method is based on a liquid mode of operation, that is before laser scanning, the powder is added to a solution of deionized water, containing a surfactant. 

Szabo, G., Pine, P., Weaver, J., Kasari, M. and Aszalos, A. (1992). Epitope mapping by photobleaching fluorescence resonance energy transfer measurements using a laser scanning microscope system. Biophys. J. 61, 661-70. 

---