Laser ions europium

Europium oxide is now widely used as a phospor activator and europium-activated yttrium vanadate is in commercial use as the red phosphor in color TV tubes. Europium-doped plastic has been used as a laser material. With the development of ion-exchange techniques and special processes, the cost of the metal has been greatly reduced in recent years. 

Electrical and Electronic Applications. Silver neodecanoate [62804-19-7] has been used in the preparation of a capacitor-end termination composition (110), lead and stannous neodecanoate have been used in circuit-board fabrication (111), and stannous neodecanoate has been used to form patterned semiconductive tin oxide films (112). The silver salt has also been used in the preparation of ceramic superconductors (113). Neodecanoate salts of barium, copper, yttrium, and europium have been used to prepare superconducting films and patterned thin-fHm superconductors. To prepare these materials, the metal salts are deposited on a substrate, then decomposed by heat to give the thin film (114—116) or by a focused beam (electron, ion, or laser) to give the patterned thin film (117,118). The resulting films exhibit superconductivity above Hquid nitrogen temperatures. 

It is convenient to divide the ions studied into four groupings, namely, terbium, europium, neodymium, and other trivalent ions. The reason for this grouping is that terbium, europium, and neodymium have been studied more extensively than the rest, and therefore the number of papers is larger. The greater attention paid to these trivalent ions is probably one of practical or potential practical applications to lasers. 

To a very large extent, most of the recent data on fluorescent decay times of the other trivalent ions (those beside terbium, neodymium, and europium) stems in some way from laser experiments. In this section some representative data on these are considered. 

Europium cryptates are excited in the UV wavelength range either by a xenon flash lamp or by a nitrogen laser. Their fluorescence occurs in a wavelength range between 550 and 710 nm with typical narrow emission lines. Since the electronic transitions of the europium ion are forbidden by quantum mechanical rules, the cryptate fluorescence lifetime is exceptionally long, in the range of 100-1000 J,s. 

Six types of Eu(dik)3 complexes were accurately analyzed in the absence and presence of phen, using both infusion ESI-MS and ELD. The LOD by FLD for compounds extracted with acetonitrile were 1-100 ppb. Using ESI-MS, high sensitive and prompt discrimination of luminescent europium S-diketonates can be achieved. The combination of laser samphng and ion trap MS is a powerful analytical technique for the direct analysis of complex samples. Thus, the generation of both negative and positive ions by laser desorption directly within a quadrupole ion trap was apphed to analyze complex samples such as Cr(acac)3. ... 

Both the hydrated and anhydrous forms of the chelate give a red fluorescence (characteristic of the Eu " ion) when exposed to ultraviolet radiation. Fluorescence is also shown in solution. Interest in the fluorescence behavior of europium chelates is prompted by the use of these compounds in optical maser (laser) devices. Optical maser action has been demonstrated for europium chelates derived from benzoylacetone (though not for the tris chelate reported here ). 

Additional evidence which shows that the deuterium enhancement of laser performance is not principally caused by an increased efficiency of the transfer of energy from ligand to europium ion is provided by the data in Table IV which show that the already short lifetime of the triplet state in the gadolinium chelate is not at all changed by deuteration of the ligand or solvent. 

In a similar work, ultrasound radiation was used to prepare EU2O3 doped in zir-conia and yttrium-stabilized zirconium (YSZ) nanoparticles [83]. Europium oxide was also coated sonochemically on the surface of submicron spherical zirconia and YSZ, which were fabricated by wet chemical methods. Time decay measurements of the doped and coated materials were conducted using a pulsed laser source. Lifetimes < 1.1 ms radiative lifetime of the Eu+ ions were detected for the doped and coated as-prepared materials. When the doped and coated samples were an-... 

The commercially important samarium-containing minerals are treated with concentrated sulfuric acid or, in the case of monazite, with a solution of sodium hydroxide (73%) at approximately 40°C (104°E) and under pressure. The element is separated from the solutions via solvent extraction or ion exchange. Sm salts are weakly yellow and may exhibit ion emission. Sm ions show luminescence and are sometimes used to generate lasers. Samarium is used in the manufacture of headphones and tape drivers, see ALSO Cerium Dysprosium Erbium Europium Gadolinium Holmium Lanthanum Lutetium Neodymium Praseodymium Promethium Terbium Ytterbium. 

Edta-related lanthanide complexes are of course coordinatively unsaturated in the absence of other ligands. In water, they are hydrated and the water of hydration may be displaced by other species. The kinetics of such a process, the reaction of europium 1,2-diaminocyclohexane-tetraacetate, [Eu(dcta)aq] with iminodiacetate ion, ida , to give [Eu(dcta)(ida)] ", have been studied by the elegant method of selective tunable laser excitation of the transition in... 

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