Landfill methane production from

Gas production is considerably greater from commercial landfill methane recovery systems. In 1987, 94 plants (50 operational, 44 scheduled) had an estimated design production of 1.2 x 106 m3/d and an estimated actual production of 0.314 x 106 m3/d, or 114 x 106 m3/yr estimated electric capacity was 231.2 MW (120-123). 

Hydrogen and Carbon Dioxide Production from Steam-Methane Reformer Off Gas Production of Ammonia Synthesis Gas Hydrogen Recovery fiom Refinery Off Gases Methane-Carbon Dioxide Separation from Landfill Gas... 

Barlaz, M.A., Milke, M.W. and Ham, R.K. (1987) Gas production parameters in sanitary landfill simulators. Waste Management Research, 5, 27 Barlaz, M.A., Ham, R.K. and Schaefer, D.M. (1989) Inhibition of methane formation from municipal refuse in laboratory-scale lysimeters. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 20, 181... 

Huang, C. and A. T-Raissi. 2007. Analyses of one-step hydrogen production from methane and landfill gas. /. Power Sources 173 950-58. 

In the United States, the concept of aerobic bioreactor landfill where the wastes are subjected to the active aeration from the early phase of landfill lifetime, was developed. Additionally, in order to accelerate the waste stabilization, the leachate recirculation is used. In Asia, the other solution for the reduction of methane production inside the landfill was elaborated. It consists in landfill self-aeration caused by the differences in inner and outer landfill temperatures (Fukuoka method). 

The major areas of her scientific interest is control of gas emission from landfills, with special attention to methane and BTEX biooxidation in landfill covers and biofilters. She is also working on biogas production from waste. 

Natural gas enrichment (CO2/CH4 membrane separation) is employed to remove CO2 from natural gas streams as well as for recovering CO2 in enhanced oil recovery processes. Methane recovery from landfill sources is an additional application. Membranes are employed for hydrogen recovery in ammonia ptuge gas, H2/CO ratio adjustments in hydrogen production (HYCO process), in hydrocracker and hydrotreater ptuge gas, and in catalytic reformer off-gas. With the very high permeability of water versus common gases, membranes have fotmd applications for air dehydration and natural gas dehydration. Additional applications include helium recovery and H2S removal from natural gas. 

The initial biogas recovered is an MHV gas and is often upgraded to high heat value (HHV) gas when used for blending with natural gas suppHes. The aimual production of HHV gas ia 1987, produced by 11 HHV gasification facihties, was 116 x 10 m of pipehne-quaUty gas, ie, 0.004 EJ (121). This is an iacrease from the 1980 production of 11.3 X 10 m . Another 38 landfill gas recovery plants produced an estimated 218 x 10 m of MHV gas, ie, 0.005 EJ. Additions to production can be expected because of landfill recovery sites that have been identified as suitable for methane recovery. In 1988, there were 51 sites ia preliminary evaluation and 42 sites were proposed as potential sites (121). 

Recovery of Riologieal Conversion Products Biological conversion produces that can be derived from solid wastes include compost, methane, various proteins and alcohols, and a variety of other intermediate organic compounds. The principal processes that have been used are reported in Table 25-64. Composting and anaerobic digestion, the two most highly developed processes, are considered further. The recovery of gas from landfills is discussed in the portion of this sec tion dealing with ultimate disposal. 

---