Laminates immersion

Figure 6. Immersion testing of a polyester/glass fiber laminate in distilled water at 60 C.

Anti-fouling tests were carried out on brush coated plastic laminate panels which had been given a primary coating of anti-corrosion paint. Performance was measured by visual observations of the panels after prolonged immersion (4 - 12 months) in a known high-fouling estuarine environment. 

Carton Strips. The interaction between carton packs and juices were evaluated by immersing strips of carton laminates in juices stored in hermetically sealed glass jars. Surface to volume ratios gf 4il and 6 1, as compared with the actual ratio of 0.67,cm /cnr in 1 liter packs were used. 

From another point of view, surface photografting techniques can be categorized as liquid-phase (immersion) photografting and vapor-phase photografting. The applicability of these approaches can be extended to modification of unable-to-be-irradiated surfaces, lamination of films, patterning, membrane modification, and so on. 

Electrical Reoulrements. The pottant should contain no plasticizer because plasticizer can reduce the volume resistivity of a polymer drastically. It reduces the resistivity of PVB by 5 orders of magnitude In some formulations. PVB with 40 dlester plasticizer measures only 10 ohm-cm In laminated form at room temperature whereas It measures 10 ohm-cm with the plasticizer driven out. Volume resistivities of 10 2 ohm-cm or less will conduct small amounts of current fairly readily, albeit slowly. (For example, a resolved 5 line palr/mm charge Image has been observed to blur within the first few seconds when placed on the surface of a film or Immersed In a llould of lO I-IO ohm-cm resistivity. The same Image on or In 101 ohm-cm material will not blur for several hours. On a ohm-cm material an Image will last unblurred from weeks to months.)... 

An ISI model 60A scanning electron microscope was used to examine the morphology of the fracture surfaces. Both the neat resins and the composite laminates were notched at room temperature with a razor blade. The samples were then Immersed in liquid nitrogen and fractured in air Immediately after removal from liquid nitrogen. The neat resins were fractured by bending the samples with pliers and the laminates were fractured along the fiber by opening up the notched cracks with pliers. 

Casein adhesives are based on milk protein. They are used for labeling reflllable beer bottles because they resist cold water immersion but are readily removed in an alkaline wash when the bottles are returned. Another use is as an ingredient in adhesives for laminating aluminum foil to paper. 

The equipment used consisted of two plates mounted on an Instron testing machine, with gasket deflection measured by an extensometer driven by an appropriate linkage. For cryogenic testing, the entire fixture was immersed in liquid nitrogen. A number of modulus values for various materials are shown in Table II. Note the excellent values obtained for the fluorocarbon polymer-112 glass laminate. 

In order to evaluate the contraction behavior of the candidate liner material when coupled to a laminate composite, a simple immersion test was performed on selected samples. The specimens were immersed in a liquid-hydrogen bath for 45 min upon removal they were subjected to a qualitative examination, for cracks, color change, etc. All films tested reacted favorably except the aluminized Mylar, which developed cracks in the aluminum upon flexing, and Kynar, which was very brittle and cracked without external load. Contraction properties of various materials are shown in Fig. 3. 

A shaped body, not densely sintered, is immersed in a solution of permanganate of potash over a certain period of time. Should there be laminations, the suction speed and the capillary degree of absorption of the structure are inconsistent. When such an impregnated sintered body is cut open, differences in the depth of colour and in the flow path of the coloured liquid are apparent. 

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